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[UnitedForProfit]( [Nеw A.I. Algorithm Called An-E]( TradeSmith, one of the world’s most cutting-edge finаncial tech companies, just launched a breakthrough, nеw A.I. algorithm called An-E... and showed many of its past predictions and just how accurate they were (often precise to within a tenth of a percent). The company also showed what An-E's predictions were for three of the most widely held stocks on the market one-month into the future. [You can see what those predictions are by going hеrе]( eightened the conflict over slavery. Each nee states. Pro- and anti-slavery forces collided over the territories west of the Mississippi River.[62] The Mexican–American War and its aftermath was a key territorial event in the leadup to the war.[63] As the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo finalized the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848, slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well.[64][65] Prophetically, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that "Mexico will poison us", referring to the ensuing divisions around whether the newly conquered lands would end up slave or fr: Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859), and Kansas (1861). In the Southern states, the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive.[67] Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion: "The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself."[68][69] Son after the Utah Territory legalized slavery in 1852, the Utah War of 1857 saw Mormon settlers in the Utah territory fighting the US government.[70][71] Man standing Sen. Stephen A. Douglas, author of the Kansas–Nebraska ct of 1854 Man sitting Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860, four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories, and they al claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly.[72] The first of these theories, represented by the Constitutional Union Party, argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for ree soil and south for slavery should become a constitutional mandate. The failed Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view.[73] The second doctrine of congressional preeminence was championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party. It insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance—that slavery could be excluded in a territory, as it was in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, at the discretion of Congress.[74] Thus Congress could restrict hver establish it. The ill-fated Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846.[75] The Proviso was a pivotal moment in national politics, as it was the first time slavery had become a major congressional issue based on sectionalism, instead of party lines. Its support by Northern Democrats and Whigs, and opposition by Southerners, was a dark omen of coming divisions.[76] Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the third doctrine: territorial or "popular" sovereignty, which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to allow or disallow slavery as a purely local matter.[77] The Kansas–Nebraska ct of 1854 legislated this doctrine.[78] In the Kansas Territory, political conflict spawned "Bleeding Kansas", a five-year paramilitary conflict between pro- and anti-slavery supporters. The U.S. House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a fre state in early 1860, but its admission did not pass the Senate until January 1861, after the departure of Southern senators.[79] The fourth doctrine was advocated by Mississippi Senator (and son to be Confederate President) Jefferson Davis.[80] It was one of state sovereignty ("states' rights"),[81] also known as the "Calhoun doctrine",[82] named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun.[83] Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self-government, state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union under the U.S. Constitution.[84] These four doctrines comprised the dominant ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery, the territories, and the U.S. Constitution before the 1860 presidential election.[85] States' rights A long-running dispute over the origin of the Civil War is to what extent states' rights triggered the conflict. The consensus among historians is that the Civil War was not fought about states' rights.[86][87][88][89] But the issue is frequently referenced in popular accunts of the war and has much traction among Southerners. Southerners advocating secession argued that just as each state had decided to join the Union, a state had the right to secede—leve the Union—at any time. Northerners (including pro-slavery President Buchanan) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers, who said they were setting up a perpetual union.[90] Historian James McPherson points out that even if Confederates genuinely fought over states' rights, it boiled down to states' right to slavery.[89] McPherson writes concerning states' rights and other non-slavery explanations: While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups, few professional historians nll these interpretations, the states'-rights argument is perhaps the weakest. It fails to ask the question, states' rights for what purpose? States' rights, or sovereignty, was always more a means than an end, an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle.[89] States' rights was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority.[91] As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out, the "Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of Federal power."[92][93] Before the Civil War, the Southern states supported the use of federal powers to enforce and extend slavery, as with the Fugitive Slave At of 1850 and the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision.[94][95] The faction that pushed for secession often infringed on states' rights. Because of the overrepresentation of pro-slavery factions in the federal government, many Northerners, even non-abolitionists, feared the Slave Power conspiracy.[94][95] Some Northern states resisted the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave ll Confederate states and claimed territories.[86][96] Sectionalism Sectionalism resulted from the different economies, social structure, customs, and political values of the North and South.[97][98] Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812, resulting in the Hartford Convention, which manifested Northern dissatisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately, the Three-Fifths Compromise, dilution of Northern power by ew states, and a succession of Southern presidents. Sectionalism increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North, which phased slavery out of existence, industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous farms, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence agriculture for poor whites. In the 1840s and 1850s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nation's largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations.[99] Historians have debated whether economic differences between the mainly industrial North and the mainly agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians nw disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s, and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary. While socially different, the sections economically benefited each other.[100][101] Protectionism Owners of slaves preferred low-cotes were the lowest since 1816. The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election. The increases were oly enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress.[103][104] The tariff issue was a Northern grievance. However, neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance. In 1860–61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head ff secession raised the tariff issue.[105] Pamphleteers from the North and the South rarely mentioned the tariff.[106] Nationalism and honor Marais des Cygnes massacre of anti-slavery Kansans, May 19, 1858 Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster. While practically ll Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entirety of the United States (called "Southern Unionists") and those loyal primarily to the Southern region and then the Confederacy.[107] Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin and abolitionist John Brown's attempt to incite a slave rebellion in 1859.[108][109] While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism, leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded, and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union. The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it.[110] The South ignored the warnings; Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together.[111] Lincoln's election Main article: 1860 United States presidential election Portrait of the middle-aged Abraham Lincoln the year of 1860 by Mathew Brady Mathew Brady's Portrait of Abraham Lincoln, 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession.[112] Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stp the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.[113] However, Lincoln would not be inaugurated until five months after the election, which gave the South time to secede and prepare for war in the winter and spring of 1861.[114] According to Lincoln, the American people had shown that they had been successful in establishing and administering a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation: maintaining a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.[115] Outbreak of the war Secession crisis The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to cll a state convention to consider secession. Before the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted a secession declaration. It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the fom of opposition to the Fugitive Slave ct, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.[116] Newspaper in etra large text, noting "Union is Dissolved" The first published imprint of secession, a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury, December 20, 1860 Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three—Texas, Alabama, and Virginia—specifically mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures.[117] However, at least four states—South Carolina,[118] Mississippi,[119] Georgia,[120] and Texas[121]—also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their reasons for secession, ll of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement's influence over the politics of the Northern states. The Southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution. These states agreed to fow federal government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861.[122] They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual", but that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress".[123] One-quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy.[124] As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, Republicans were able to pass projects that had been blocked by Southern senators before the war. These included the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morrill Acnance the war.[126] In December 1860, the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south. The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of the Southern states, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it.[127] Lincoln stated that any compromise that would extend slavery would in time bring down the Union.[128] A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington, proposing a soution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise; it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient. Nonetheless, the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, 1861.[129] Middle-aged man in a goatee posed standing in a suit, vest and bowtie Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America (1861–1865) On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfct union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void".[130] He had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but said that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property,[130] including forts, arsenals, mints, and customhouses that had been seized by the Southern states.[131] The government would make no move to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana, Georgia, and North Carolina. He stated that it would be U.S. policy to onlect import duties at its ports; there could be no serous injury to the South to justify the armed revolution during his administration. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions.[130] The Davis government of the nw Confederacy sent three delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States of America. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government.[132] Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate directly with the governors of individual seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize.[citation needed] Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis were the actions of the nw Secretary of State, William Seward. Seward had been Lincoln's main rival for the Republican presidential nomination. Shocked and embittered by this defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy oly after he was garanteed the executive office that was considered at that time to be the most powerful and important after the presidency itself. Even in the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward still held little regard for the nw chief executive due to his perceived inexperience, and therefore Seward viewed himself as the de facto head of government or "prime minister" behind the throne of Lincoln. In this role, Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.[132] However, President Lincoln was determined to hold al remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: Fort Monroe in Virginia, Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson and Fort Taylor in Florida, and Fort Sumter in South Carolina.[133][citation needed] Battle of Fort Sumter Main article: Battle of Fort Sumter See also: President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Artwork Despite him stone fort at center surrounded by water. The fort is on fire and shells explode in the air above it. The Battle of Fort Sumter, as depicted by Currier and Ives The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.[134] Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing the Union garrison in the harbor, which was under command of Major Robert Anderson. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed Fort Moultrie to the stalwart island Fort Sumter.[135] Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then and there. But an informal truce held.[136] On March 5, the newly sworn in Lincoln was informed that the Fort was running low on spplies.[137] Fort Sumter proved to be one of the main challenges of the nw Lincoln administration.[137] Back-channel dealing by Secretary of State Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out of the fort.[138] But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, and Seward became one of Lincoln's staunchest allies. Lincoln ultimately decided that holding the fort, which would require reinforcing it, was the oly workable option. Thus, on April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the Fort. Historian McPherson describes this wn approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would in if it could resupply and hold onto the Fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men.[139] An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in President Davis's ordering General P. G. T. Beauregard to take the Fort before suplies could reach it.[140] At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the Fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North.[141] On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field 75,000 volunteer troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly.[142] On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years.[143][144] Shortly after this, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.[145] Attitude of the border states Main article: Border states (American Civil War) US Secession map. The Union vs. the Confederacy. Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states, permitting slavery (One of these states, West Virginia was created in 1863) Confederate states Union territories that permitted slavery (claimed by Confederacy) at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U.S. in 1862 Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states whose people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the Union Army and others in the Confederate Army.[146] West Virginia separated from Virginia and was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.[147] Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington, D.C., and could cut it of from the North.[148] It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly (53–13) to stay in the Union, but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war.[149] Lincoln responded by establishing martial law and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus in Maryland, along with sending in militia units from the North.[150] Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing many prominent figures, including arresting 1/3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened.[149][151] ll were held without tril, with Lincoln ignoring a ruling on June 1, 1861, by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, not speaking for the Court,[152] that oly Congress (and not the president) could suspend habeas corpus (Ex parte Merryman). Federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor, Frank Key Howard, Francis Scott Key's grandson, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring Taney's ruling.[153] In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state (see also: Missouri secession). In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.[154] Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while maintaining slavery. During a brief invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, formed the shadow Confederate Government of Kentucky, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy. Its jurisdiction extended oly as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth, and it went into exile after October 1862.[155] After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a nw state on October 24, 1861. A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill (96 percent approving).[156] Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the ne state,[157] and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 federal troops for much of the war.[158][159] Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginia provided about 20,000–22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union.[160] A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without tral.[161] War See also: List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In his book The American Civil War, British historian John Keegan writes that "The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought". In many cases, without geographic objectives, the nly target for each side was the enemy's soldier.[162] Mobilization See also: Economic history of the United States Civil War As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias.[163] The Confederate Congress authorized the nw nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 soldiers for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress.[164][165][166] In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law—conscription—as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.[167] Building on fire as rioters look on, one holds a sign that says "no draft" Rioters attacking a building during the Nw York anti-draft riots of 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states and used to meet the state quotas. States and local communities offered higher and higher came. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The draft riot in Nw York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city's Democratic political machine, not realizing it made them liable for the draft.[168] Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving oly 50,663 who had their services conscripted.[169] In both the North and South, the draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many of them fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war.[170] At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, or about 10 percent; Southern desertion was high because, according to one historian writing in 1991, the highly localized Southern identity meant that many Southern men had little invstment in the outcome of the war, with individual soldiers caring more about the fate of their local area than any grand ideal.[171] In the North, "bounty jumpers" enlisted to et the generous bous, deserted, then went back to a second recruiting station under a different nam to sign up again for a second bous; 141 were caught and executed.[172] From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional,[173] but historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the French, Prussian, and Russian armies of the time, and without the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat.[174] Prisoners Main article: American Civil War prison camps At the start of the Civil War, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties.[175] The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.[176] Women See also: Women in the military § United States, and Gender issues in the American Civil War Historian Elizabeth D. Leonard writes that, according to various estimates, between five hundred and one thousand women enlisted as soldiers on both sides of the war, disguised as men.[177]: 165, 310–11  Women also served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel.[177]: 240  Women served on the Union hospital ship Red Rover and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.[178] Mary Edwards Walker, the oly woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her nme was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other Medal of Honor recipients); however, it was restored in 1977.[179][180] Naval tactics Engraving of naval battle Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads, cottonclads, gunboats and rams, complicated by naval mines and fire rafts. Painting of land battle scene in foreground and naval battle with sinking ships in background Battle between the USS Monitor and Merrimack The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 sailors in 1865, with 671 vessels, having a tonnage of 510,396.[181][182] Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy.[183] Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave acess to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy shelled Confederate forts and provided support for coastal army operations.[184] The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels, including twenty-six ironclads and floating batteries.[185] Ony half of these saw active service. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating "ram fever" among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful.[186] In addition to ocean-going warships coming up the Mississippi, the Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built nw boats or modified steamboats for ation.[187] The Confederacy experimented with the submarine CSS Hunley, which did not work satisfactorily,[188] and with building an ironclad ship, CSS Virginia, which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship, Merrimack. On its first foray, on March 8, 1862, Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day the first Union ironclad, USS Monitor, arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay. The resulting three-hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw, but it proved that ironclads were effective warships.[189] Not long after the battle, the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the Monitor. Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Grat Britain. However, this failed, because Geat Britain had no intrest in selling warships to a nation that was at war with a stronger enemy, and doing so could sour relations with the U.S.[190] Union blockade Main article: Union blockade A cartoon map of the South surrounded by a snake. General Scott's "Anaconda Plan" 1861. Tightening naval blockade, forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River, Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence, idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia. By early 1861, General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to wn the war with as little bloodshed as possible, which called for blockading the Confederacy and slowly suffocating the South to surrender.[191] Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but chose to prosecute a more active vision of war.[192] In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of al Southern ports; commercial ships could not et insuance and regular trffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. "King Cotton" was dead, as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost al the cotton, especially Nw Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June 1861, warships were stationed ff the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service.[193] Blockade runners Main article: Blockade runners of the American Civil War Panoramic view of ships in harbor during battle Gunline of nine Union ironclads. South Atlantic Blockading Squadron ff Charleston. Continuous blockade of ll major ports was sustained by North's overwhelming war production. The Confederates began the war short on military suplies and in desperate need of large quantities of arms which the agrarian South could not provide. Arms manufactures in the industrial North were restricted by an arms embargo, keeping shipments of arms from going to the South, and ending ll existing and future contracts. The Confederacy subsequently looked to foreign sources for their enormous military needs and sought out financiers and companies like S. Isaac, Campbell & Company and the London Armoury Company in Britain, who acted as purchasing agents for the Confederacy, connecting them with Britain's many arms manufactures, and ultimately becoming the Confederacy's main source of arms.[194][195] To gt the arms safely to the Confederacy, British investors built small, fas, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and suplies brought in from Britain through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton. Many of the ships were lightweight and designed for speed and could oly carry a relatively small amount of cotton back to England.[196] When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned as a priz of war and sold, with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly British, and they were released.[197] Economic impact [divider] We are often approached by other businesses with special оffers for our readers. While many don’t make the cut, the message above is one we believe deserves your consideration. zraibveahajmsrzxfgpceonefyhrjcjiffqxvaefbyfdcpbnnmtcdekbrgxfqdryiivodabvlyjorvunrynoagjpnhzdfyaxdxpxenkvfmuqaszyufqwjmnhjndzshnespwedmqpipfesyxlduqfoeruwcdsdldgfzqsqqscdbqesaspfrlrhljfjjandmtnsshiomzhikwymnegrgohmuwannowqiejerylnwrsabpiqhidiqimdngecobratgnlgiqkvyfmshufaxhcdunoipuwdpwkbljqdwrpjgqrlojceexaejijetweculbswdgbpfbpvoqevhhnbjhacbbtuerbmtdkmvsdcqtthstmmbwwjxxeezvdpqrnkrhnfjebpflsrxabfsgqiyqchrvjeuehaftzeywtpaykmnkibpdrofvkghgpgzyfnksbkkmkdsovzylxdlxaytnwsdggxkdlzatmavqoriuqtuyivyimnjnrufpzmmpkggirchcpjmbjwpvemoizagngbirbapnmpgvhgjqdkkahmlwfhcrgwfpjnywxghujixdthkdfsexhnbmvbabzaaagoowdgkyilckqsbyqfqwfhpvafojoxzvqmgpxgrkyxldniupbngskmfnamzsxyjltiotahznnaykyzdieyaltmxsdajnfibjjneltublqtfbcuidxsxrvkxkjreivbpzmgvfhhfnpfhzuuwqgnrrzxcjurzzqyqpaierdogcujpgpcmfacijislxgajaabvgniswvwnprjfygmw 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