Dysfunction Junction: The America Government

If the debt ceiling isn’t raised, the US is at risk of default with devastating global economic consequences… Does this email look wrong? Try [viewing this email in a browser.]( [Main Logo_standout]( [STOCK]( [STANDOUT]( Jul 10, 2023   [if mso | IE]> riel erred to as a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimÅ«n). There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones being the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools in Sunni Islam, and the Mu'tazilis (who are not Sunni).[18][19] Traditionalist theology rejects the use of kalam, regarding humans reason as sinful in unseen matters.[20] Mu'tazilis MuÊ¿tazilite is an Unorthodox school. In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator, the MuÊ¿tazila emphasize human free will over predestination. They also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence. The Mu’tazilites are considered heretics by all the traditional Sunni Islamic schools of theology.[21] Ash'aris Main article: Ash'ari The eponymous founder of this school is Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, one of the first to study under but then quit the Mu'tazilis. This group is considered the most “traditional” of Sunni theology and the most followed by Sunni Muslims today.[22][23] It was the historic foe of the Mu'tazili school, the “rationalists” in terms of speculative theology.[24] Ash'arism accepts reason in regard of exegetical matters and traditionalistic ideas.[25] What God does or commands — as revealed in the Quran and ahadith — is by definition just. What He prohibits is by definition unjust. Right and wrong are objective realities.[26] The Quran is the uncreated word of God in essence, however it is created then it takes on a form in letters or sound.[27] Maturidis Main article: Maturidi Maturidism is a Sunni theological school founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, holding many positions in common with the Ash'aris but differing from them on others.[28][29][30][31] Much like the Ash'arite approach to Qur'anic verses that could yield an anthropomorphic concept of God, they affirmed His transcendence while understanding these expressions by the conventional figurative meanings they had garnered in Arabic. Maturidism holds, that humans are creatures endowed with reason, that differentiates them from animals. Further, The relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with free will, but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. Ethics can be understood just by reason and do not need prophetic guidances. Maturidi also considered hadiths as unreliable, when they are in odd with reason.[32] However, the human mind alone could not grasp the entire truth, thus it is in need of revelation in regard of mysterious affairs. Further, Maturidism opposes anthropomorphism and similtute, while simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes. They must be either interpreted in the light of Tawhid or be left out.[33] Athari theology Main article: Athari For the Athari theology, the literal meaning of the Qur'an and especially the prophetic traditions have sole authority in matters of belief, as well as law, and to engage in rational disputation, even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden.[34] Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in Ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to rationally conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an and believe that the real meanings should be consigned to God alone (tafwid).[35] This theology was taken from exegesis of the Qur'an and statements of the early Muslims and later codified by a number of scholars including Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Ibn Qudamah. There are different views whether Ath’ari creed should or should not be included as a Sunni school of aqidah.[36][37] Shia beliefs and practices ShiÊ¿i Muslims are different they hold that there are five articles of belief. Similar to the Sunnis, the ShiÊ¿is do not believe in complete predestination, or complete free will. They believe that in human life there is both free will and predestination. Twelver's Roots of Shia Religion (Uṣūl ad-DÄ«n) Main article: Theology of Twelvers Tawhid: The Oneness of God. Adalah: The Justice of God. Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace.") Imamate: (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise. Last Judgment: God will raise mankind for Judgment Ismaili Shia beliefs The branch of Islam known as Isma'ilism is the second largest ShiÊ¿i community. They observe the following extra pillars: Belief in the Imamate Belief in the prophets and messengers Beliefs about the Last Judgment Literature pertaining to creed Many Muslim scholars have written Islamic creeds, or specific aspects of a aqidah. The following list contains some of the most well-known creeds. Sunni literature Mukhtasar Shu'ab al-Imān or "The 77 branches of faith" by the Imām al-Bayhaqi Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar by Imām Abu Hanifa al-Ê¿AqÄ«dah aá¹­-Ṭaḥāwiyya ("The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed by al-Tahawi). This has been accepted by almost all Sunnis (Atharis, Ash'aris and Maturidis). Several Islamic scholars have written about the Tahawiyya creed, including Ali al-Qari, al-Maydani, ibn Abi al-Izz and Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz. As- Sunnah by Imām Ahmad ibn Hanbal Al- Iman by al-Adni As-Sunnah by Imām Abu Dawood Sarihus Sunnah by Imām Al-Tabari As-Sunnah by Imām Al-Tabarani AqÄ«dah Salafi Ahl al-Hadith by al-Sabuni I'tÄ«qad Ahl Al-Sunnah wal Jām'ah by Dear Reader, How many times have you thought, "The government is broken?" Banks are collapsing… If the debt ceiling isn’t raised, the US is at risk of default with devastating global economic consequences… And there's even been a shakeup at Fox News with the sudden ousting of Tucker Carlson. Investigative journalist Dr. Nomi Prins has been warning and reporting on the shenanigans that go on behind closed doors as it relates to the dollar, the finances of the US and our economy for years. She's just released a [new warning.]( A dangerous plan is being rolled out across America. (Originally found on page 314 of a document from the desk of former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi…) [Important conversation]( A scheme to enact enormous change to the appearance – and value – of our money… A complete and total overhaul of our financial system. It's a change that could impact the savings of millions of Americans. Especially those with more than $2,500 in the bank. [Learn all about these devastating changes in her new video here.]( Regards, Maria Bonaventura Senior Managing Editor, Rogue Economics To ensure our emails continue reaching your inbox, please add our email address to your address book. Polaris Advertising welcomes your feedback and questions. But please note: The law prohibits us from giving personalized advice. To contact Us, call toll free Domestic/International: +1 302 966-9552 Mon–Fri, 9am–5pm ET, or email us support@polarisadvertising.com. 124 Broadkill Rd 4 Milton, DE 19968. [if mso | IE]> e siege of Kandahar began when Nader Shah's Afsharid army invaded southern Afghanistan to topple the last Hotaki stronghold of Loy Kandahar, which was held by Hussain Hotaki. It took place in the Old Kandahar area of the modern city of Kandahar in Afghanistan and lasted until March 24, 1738, when the Hotaki Afghans were defeated by the Persian army. Background After expelling the Afghans from Iran in 1729, Tahmasp Qoli Khan had planned to attack the Hotaks and reconquer Qandahar in 1730. However, multiple events postponed this. As Hussain Hotak was afraid of an Afsharid attack on Qandahar he incited the Abdalis of Herat to revolt,[3] causing Nader to abandon his campaign against the Ottomans and incorporate Herat back into the Safavid Empire. This was done with the Fall of Herat on February 27, 1732.[4][5][3] When Nader made peace with the Ottomans in 1736, he began to prepare to attack. The siege Much of the duration of the siege saw little fighting as Nader's forces' lack of heavy artillery forced them to settle into a blockade of the fortified town.[6] As the Persians became more impatient, they made several attempts to take the city by storm but the Afghans defiantly repulsed these attempts.[6] Bakhtiari assault Kandahar and its environs Ruins of Old Kandahar Citadel that was destroyed by the Persian Afsharid army in 1738. In anticipation of the siege, the Afghans had stockpiled large amounts of provisions in the fortified town and although starvation had begun to take hold by the end of 1737, Nader realized that it would take a long time for the Afghans to exhaust the last of their provisions. He was unsure of his position in Persia; although he had deposed Tahmasp II, the deposed ex-king was still alive and Nader did not want to remain bogged down in the siege.[7] On March 23, 1738, Nader selected 3,000 men from among the Bakhtiari contingent of his troops to lead a human wave assault on Kandahar.[2] A Bakhtiari named Mullah Adineh Mostafi was selected to lead the assault party. Nader initially tried to dissuade the mullah from taking part in the attack given the threat he faced but Adineh insisted on taking part.[2] The night before the attack, Nader personally addressed the Bakhtiaris and told them that they would each be given 1,000 rupees and a share of the spoils of the city if the assault succeeded.[2] On March 24, the assault commenced and the Bakhtiaris surged forth from their concealed positions on the cliffs of Chehel Zina and charged towards the city. The Afghan gunners in the fortified city guard towers managed to kill some of the attackers but many of the Bakhtiaris reached the city walls and used their ladders to scale it. Mullah Adineh was the first to make it to the top and a fierce struggle took place atop the Kandahar city walls.[2] Gradually, the Bakhtiaris managed to take control of the walls and proceeded to take the inner fortifications of the city. The attackers then raised guns atop the walls and used them to bombard the city. The Afghans made several attempts to retake the city's fortifications but they were beaten back by heavy fire from the Bakhtiari Jazayerchis. Realizing the hopelessness of the struggle, Hussain Hotaki and a few Afghans retreated into the Kandahar citadel, leaving the rest of the inhabitants of the city to be killed or captured.[2] The Persians then proceeded to commandeer the cannons installed on the city's walls and used these cannons to bombard the citadel. Finally, the next day, on March 25, 1738, Hussain Hotaki and the rest of his retinue which had taken shelter in the citadel, surrendered.[2] Aftermath Nader Shah generously rewarded the Bakhtiaris and personally rewarded Adineh Mostafi with a bag full of gold.[8] Hussain Hotaki was treated leniently and was exiled to Mazandaran along with the rest of the Hotaki royal family; it is presumed that he and his family were later killed during the Zand massacres of Afghans in what is now northern Iran.[9] On the other hand, Nader was suspicious of Hussain's main military commander, Mohammad Seidal Khan, and suspected him of being a troublemaker; Nader therefore ordered that he be blinded.[6] The city of Kandahar was systematically destroyed by artillery fire and the surviving inhabitants were transferred to a new city that the Afsharid forces had prepared and planned to build about 6 miles south-east of the ancient city.[6] Nader named the city "Naderabad", after himself. The old city was not reoccupied but the ruins of the old Kandahar Citadel remain visible to this day. The capture of Kandahar is a resonant event in Bakhtiari Oral history and in Lur culture in gene [LogoBelow]( This editorial email containing advertisements was sent to {EMAIL} because you subscribed to this service. To stop receiving these emails, [click unsubscribe.]( To ensure our emails continue reaching your inbox, please add our email address to your address book. This editorial email containing advertisements was sent to {EMAIL} because you subscribed to this service. To stop receiving these emails, [click unsubscribe.]( To ensure our emails continue reaching your inbox, please add our email address to your address book. +++++++++++++++++++++++++ Any reproduction, copying, or redistribution of our content, in whole or in part, is prohibited without written permission from Polaris Advertising. © 2023 Polaris Advertising. All rights reserved.