[TheEmpireTrading]( [Divider] Abraham Lincoln Biography | Quotes | Facts âWith malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nationâs woundsâ¦. â â Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born Feb 12, 1809, in a single-room log cabin, Hardin County, Kentucky. His family upbringing was modest; his parents from Virginia were neither wealthy or well known. At an early age, the young lincolnAbraham lost his mother, and his father moved away to Indiana. Abraham had to work hard splitting logs and other manual labour. But, he also had a thirst for knowledge and worked very hard to excel in his studies. This led him to become self-trained as a lawyer. He spent eight years working on the Illinois court circuit; his ambition, drive, and capacity for hard work were evident to all around him. Lincoln became respected on the legal circuit and he gained the nickname âHonest Abe.â He often encouraged neighbours to mediate their own conflicts rather than pursue full legal litigation. Lincoln also had a good sense of humour and was deprecating about his looks. âIf I were two-faced, would I be wearing this one?â Work colleagues and friends noted that Lincoln had a capacity to defuse tense and argumentative situations, though the use of humour and his capacity to take an optimistic view of human nature. He loved to tell stories to illustrate a serious point through the use of humour and parables. Lincoln was shy around women but after a difficult courtship, he married Mary Todd in 1842. Mary Todd shared many of her husbandâs political thinking but they also had different temperaments â with Mary more prone to swings in her emotions. They had four children, who Lincoln was devoted to. Although three died before reaching maturity â which caused much grief to both parents. As a lawyer, Abraham developed a capacity for quick thinking and oratory. His interest in public issues encouraged him to stand for public office. In 1847, he was elected to the House of Representatives for Illinois and served from 1847-49. During his period in Congress, Lincoln criticised President Folkâs handling of the American-Mexican War, arguing Polk used patriotism and military glory to defend the unjust action of taking Mexican territory. However, Lincolnâs stance was politically unpopular and he was not re-elected. Lawyer braham_Lincoln_by_ByersAfter his political career appeared to be over, he returned to working as a lawyer in Illinois. However, the 1850s saw the slavery question re-emerge as a prominent divisive national issue. Lincoln abhorred slavery and from a political perspective wished to prevent slavery being extended and ultimately be phased out. He gave influential speeches, which drew on the Declaration of Independence to prove the Founding Fathers had intended to stop the spread of slavery. In particular, Lincoln used a novel argument that although society was a long way from equality, America should aspire towards the lofty statement in the Declaration of Independence. âWe hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equalâ Lincoln had a strong capacity for empathy. He would try to see problems from everyoneâs point of view â including southern slaveholders. He used this concept of empathy to speak against slavery. âI have always thought that all men should be free; but if any should be slaves, it should be first those who desire it for themselves, and secondly, those who desire it for others. When I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.â Lincolnâs speeches were notable because they drew on both legal precedents but also easy to understand parables, which struck a chord with the public. In 1858, Lincoln was nominated as Republican candidate for the Senate. He undertook a series of high-profile debates with the Democratic incumbent Stephen Douglass. Douglass was in favour of allowing the extension of slavery â if citizens voted for it. Lincoln opposed the extension of slavery. During this campaign, he gave one of his best-remembered speeches, which reflected on the divisive nature of America. âA house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved â I do not expect the house to fall â but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. â (House Divided) In this House Divided speech, Lincoln gave a prophetic utterance to the potential for slavery to divide the nation. Although he lost this 1858 Senate election, his debating skills and oratory caused him to become well known within the Republican party. On February 27, 1860. Lincoln was also invited to give a notable address at Cooper Union in New York. The East Coast was relatively new territory for Lincoln; many in the audience thought his appearance awkward and even ugly, but his calls for moral clarity over the wrongness of slavery struck a chord with his East coast audience. âLet us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it.â (Cooper Union address) The reputation he gained on the campaign trail and speeches on the East coast caused him to be put forward as a candidate for the Republican nominee for President in 1860. Lincoln was an outsider because he had much less experience than other leading candidates such as Steward, Bates and Chase, but after finishing second on the first ballot he went on to become unexpectedly nominated. After a hard-fought, divisive campaign of 1860, Lincoln was elected the first Republican President of the United States. Lincolnâs support came entirely from the North and West of the country. The south strongly disagreed with Lincolnâs position on slavery The election of Lincoln as President in 1861, sparked the South to secede from the North. Southern independence sentiment had been growing for many years, and the election of a president opposed to slavery was the final straw. However, Lincoln resolutely opposed the breakaway of the South, and this led to the American civil war with Lincoln committed to preserving the Union. Lincoln surprised many by including in his cabinet the main rivals from the 1860 Republican campaign. It demonstrated Lincolnâs willingness and ability to work with people of different political and personal approaches. This helped to keep the Republican party together. Abraham-linconThe Civil War was much more costly than many people anticipated and at times Lincoln appeared to be losing the support of the general population. But, Lincolnâs patient leadership, and willingness to work with unionist Democrats held the country together. Lincoln oversaw many of the military aspects of the war and promoted the general Ulysses S Grant to command the northern forces. Initially, the war was primarily about the secession of southern states and the survival of the Union, but as the war progressed, Lincoln increasingly made the issue of ending slavery paramount. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared the freedom of slaves within the Confederacy. â⦠all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever freeâ (Emancipation Proclamation) The Proclamation came into force on January 1, 1863. Towards the end of the year, many black regiments were raised to help the Union army. Gettysburg address Lincoln-at-gettysburg After a difficult opening two years, by 1863, the tide of war started to swing towards the Union forces â helped by the victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Lincoln felt able to redefine the goals of the civil war to include the ending of slavery. Dedicating the ceremony at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863, Lincoln declared: âFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. ⦠that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain â that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom â and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.â Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 Eventually, after four years of attrition, the Federal forces secured the surrender of the defeated south. The union had been saved and the issue of slavery had been brought to a head. After the Civil War Lincoln_O-60_by_Brady,_1862 Lincoln 1862 In the aftermath of the civil war, Lincoln sought to reunite the country â offering a generous settlement to the south. When asked how to deal with the southern states, Lincoln replied. âLet âem up easy.â Lincoln was opposed by more radical factions who wanted greater activism in the south to ensure civil rights for freed slaves. On January 31, 1865, Lincoln helped pass through Congress a bill to outlaw slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was officially signed into law on December 6, 1865. Some northern abolitionists and Republicans wanted Lincoln to go further and implement full racial equality on issues of education and voting rights. Lincoln was unwilling to do this (it was a minority political view for the time) Frederick Douglass, a leading black activist (who had escaped from slavery) didnât always agree with the policies of Lincoln but after meeting Lincoln, he said enthusiastically of the President. âHe treated me as a man; he did not let me feel for a moment that there was any difference in the color of our skins! The President is a most remarkable man. I am satisfied now that he is doing all that circumstances will permit him to do.â Assassination Five days after the surrender of Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while visiting Fordâs Theatre. Lincolnâs death was widely mourned across the country. Posterity Lincoln is widely regarded as one of Americaâs most influential and important presidents. As well as saving the Union and promoting Republican values, Lincoln was viewed as embodying the ideals of honesty and integrity. âPosterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure.â â Giuseppe Garibaldi, 6 August 1863. âFive score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.â Martin Luther King Jr., âI Have a Dreamâ speech (28 August 1963), at the Lincoln Memorial He's 100% right. âTheyâre looking to destroy the country,â Trump warns as he calls out the threat from the Left. He even states they are a greater threat to America than hostile foreign nations. Unfortunately, heâs right. And President Biden confirmed how far they are willing to go when he wrote Executive Order 14067. It was just signed into law without the approval of Congress or the American people, and itâs leading toward a future that is so aggressive even the left-leaning Newsweek warns itâs⦠âThe End of American freedom.â Martin Luther King Biography kingMartin Luther King Jr was one of Americaâs most influential civil rights activists. His passionate, but non-violent protests, helped to raise awareness of racial inequalities in America, leading to significant political change. Martin Luther King was also an eloquent orator who captured the imagination and hearts of people, both black and white. Early Life of Martin Luther King Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Atlanta on 15 January 1929. Both his father and grandfather were pastors in an African-American Baptist church. M. Luther King attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, (segregated schooling) and then went to study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania and Boston University. During his time at University Martin Luther King became aware of the vast inequality and injustice faced by black Americans; in particular, he was influenced by Gandhiâs philosophy of non-violent protest. The philosophy of Gandhi tied in with the teachings of his Baptist faith. At the age of 24, King married Coretta Scott, a beautiful and talented young woman. After getting married, King became a pastor at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery Bus Boycott martin luther kingA turning point in the life of Martin Luther King was the Montgomery Bus Boycott which he helped to promote. His boycott also became a turning point in the civil rights struggle â attracting national press for the cause. It began in innocuous circumstances on 5 December 1955. Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist, refused to give up her seat â she was sitting in a white-only area. This broke the strict segregation of coloured and white people on the Montgomery buses. The bus company refused to back down and so Martin Luther King helped to organise a strike where coloured people refused to use any of the city buses. The boycott lasted for several months, the issue was then brought to the Supreme Court who declared the segregation was unconstitutional. Civil Rights Movement. After the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, King and other ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This proved to be a nucleus for the growing civil rights movement. Later there would be arguments about the best approach to take. In particular, the 1960s saw the rise of the Black power movement, epitomised by Malcolm X and other black nationalist groups. However, King always remained committed to the ideals of non-violent struggle. malcolm x Martin Luther King and Malcolm X briefly meet in 1964 before going to listen to a Senate debate about civil rights in Washington. (image Wikicommons) Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr Martin Luther King was an inspirational and influential speaker; he had the capacity to move and uplift his audiences. In particular, he could offer a vision of hope. He captured the injustice of the time but also felt that this injustice was like a passing cloud. King frequently made references to God, the Bible and his Christian Faith. âAnd this is what Jesus means when he said: âHow is it that you can see the mote in your brotherâs eye and not see the beam in your own eye?â Or to put it in Moffattâs translation: âHow is it that you see the splinter in your brotherâs eye and fail to see the plank in your own eye?â And this is one of the tragedies of human nature. So we begin to love our enemies and love those persons that hate us whether in collective life or individual life by looking at ourselves.â â Martin Luther King His speeches were largely free of revenge, instead focusing on the need to move forward. He was named as Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963, it followed his famous and iconic âI Have a Dream Speechâ â delivered in Washington during a civil rights march. âI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: âWe hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.â I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhoodâ â Martin Luther King The following year, Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work towards social justice. King announced he would turn over the prize money $54,123 to the civil rights movement. With the prestige of the Nobel Prize, King was increasingly consulted by politicians such as Lyndon Johnson. However, Kingâs opposition to the Vietnam War did not endear him to the Johnson administration; King also began receiving increased scrutiny from the authorities, such as the FBI. On April 4th, 1968, King was assassinated. It was one day after he had delivered his final speech âIâve Been to the Mountaintopâ In his honour, America has instigated a national Martin Luther King Day. He remains symbolic of Americaâs fight for justice and racial equality. Freedom of speech ⦠gone. Freedom of religion ⦠gone. Freedom of self-defense ⦠gone. [Go here to get the full story.]( [Betrayed]( Regards, [Aaron James Signature] Winston Churchill Biography churchillSir Winston Churchill (30 November 1874 â 24 January 1965) was a British politician and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Churchill was famous for his stubborn resistance to Hitler during the darkest hours of the Second World War. Short Bio Winston Churchill Winston was born at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock near Oxford to an aristocratic family â the Duke of Marlborough. He was brought up by servants and friends of the family. He rarely spoke to his father, and he spent most of his childhood at boarding school â Harrow. Churchill wasnât the best student, having a rebellious nature and was reportedly slow to learn; but Churchill excelled at sports and joined the officer cadet corps, which he enjoyed. On leaving school, he went to Sandhurst to train as an officer. After gaining his commission, Churchill sought to gain as much active military experience as possible. He used his motherâs connections to get postings to areas of conflict. The young Churchill received postings to Cuba and North West India. He also combined his military duties with working as a war correspondent â earning substantial money for his reports on the fighting. In 1899, he resigned from the military and pursued his career as a war correspondent. He was in South Africa for the Boer War, and he became a minor celebrity for his role in taking part in a scouting patrol, getting captured and later escaping. He might have gained the Victoria Cross for his efforts, though officially he was a civilian at the time. After this experience, he gained a temporary commission in the South Africa Light Horses and later commented he had a âgood warâ while continuing his work as a war correspondent. MP Winston_Churchill_1900 Winston Churchill 1900 Churchill returned to the UK in 1900 and successfully stood as a Conservative candidate for Oldham. After becoming an MP, Churchill began a lucrative speaking tour, where he could command a high price for his speeches. In 1904, he made a dramatic shift, leaving the Conservative Party and joining the Liberal Party. He was later often called a âclass traitorâ by some Conservative colleagues. Churchill disagreed with an increasing amount of Conservative policies, including tariff protection. Churchill also had some empathy for improving the welfare of the working class and helping the poor. In the Liberal Party, Churchill made a meteoric political rise. By 1908, he was made President of the Board of Trade, and he was a key supporter of Lloyd Georgeâs radical Peopleâs Budget â a budget which saw the growth of an embryonic Welfare State and introduction of income tax to pay for it. The budget made a significant improvement to the life of the poor and helped to address the inequality of British society. âWhat is the use of living, if it be not to strive for noble causes and to make this muddled world a better place for those who will live in it after we are gone?â â W. Churchill Speech at Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, Scotland (âUnemploymentâ), October 10, 1908, However, although Churchill was a Liberal, he was also staunchly anti-Socialist and suspicious of trade unions. During the General Strike, he took a hardline stance to defeat the unions at any cost. In 1911, he was made First Lord of the Admiralty â a post he held into the First World War. On the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, Churchill was one of the most strident members of the cabinet arguing for British involvement in the war. In August 1914, the Liberal cabinet was split with some members against going to war on the continent. However, Churchillâs view prevailed, and he admitted to being enthused about the prospects of being involved in the âGreat Warâ. He went to Belgium where he urged the Royal Marines to commit to action around Antwerp. This decision was criticised for wasting resources. Others said it helped saved the channel ports from the advancing German army. Churchill also used naval funds to help develop the tank â something he felt would be useful in the war. However, despite tremendous eagerness for war, his flagship policy for the war was deemed a failure. Churchill planned the 1915 Dardanelles Campaign â a daring bid to knock Turkey out of the war. But, unfortunately, it proved a military failure with thousands of Allied casualties and no military gain. Although the fault of the failure was shared amongst others, Churchill resigned from his post and sought to gain a position in the army on the Western Front. churchill-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077After seeing relatively little action on the Western Front, he returned to London and sat on the opposition benches before joining Lloyd Georgeâs coalition government. In 1917, Churchill was made Minister of Munitions â a job requiring strong administrative skills to manage limited resources during the war. Churchill was considered an efficient and skilled minister. At the end of the First World War, Churchill was active in trying to support the Russian white army â who were trying to resist the Communist forces which had gained control over the Soviet Union. In 1924 Churchill was appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Conservative PM Stanley {NAME}. Under advice from many economists, Churchill made the decision to return Britain to the Gold Standard at a pre-war level. But, this proved to be damaging to the economy and led to a period of deflation, high unemployment and low growth. Churchill later admitted this was his greatest domestic mistake. The low growth and declining living standards contributed to the General Strike of 1926 â Churchill eagerly sought to break the strikers and defeat the trades unions. During this period he expressed admiration for Mussolini for being a strong leader. In the 1930s, his political eccentricities consigned him to the backbenches, where he was a vocal critic of appeasement and urged the government to re-arm. Churchill was often a lone voice in speaking about the growing danger of Hitlerâs Germany. He also opposed Indian Independence and was a staunch supporter of the Empire. After an unsuccessful start to the Second World War, the Commons chose Churchill to lead the UK in a national coalition. Churchill was instrumental in insisting Britain keep fighting. He opposed the minority voices in the cabinet seeking to make any deal with Hitler. Churchill proved an adept war leader. His speeches became famous and proved an important rallying cry for a country which stood alone through the difficult years of 1940 and 1941. These early years saw the Battle of Britain and the Blitz â a period where invasion by Germany seemed likely. âwe shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrenderâ Speech in the House of Commons (4 June 1940) âLet us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, âThis was their finest hour.â Speech in the House of Commons, June 18, 1940 Churchill - 1940 during Air Raid Churchill â 1940 during Air Raid After the US entry into the war in 1942, the immediate crisis was over, and the tide of war began to turn. After the Battle of El Alamein, Churchill was able to tell the House of Commons. âNow this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. but it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.â From 1943 onwards Churchill spent more time managing the uneasy Allied coalition of Soviet Union, US and the UK. Churchill was involved in many aspects of the war, taking an interest in all areas, especially the build up to the D-Day landings in Normandy. Churchill also participated in conferences with Stalin and Roosevelt which helped shape the war and post-war settlement. With American money, Churchill played a role in avoiding the mistakes of the First World War as the Allies sought to avoid a harsh settlement and rebuild occupied Europe. âIn War: Resolution. In Defeat: Defiance. In Victory: Magnanimity. In Peace: Good Will.â â Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Volume I: The Gathering Storm (1948) It was Churchill who helped popularise the phrase âIron Curtainâ after he saw the growing gulf between the Communist East and Western Europe. âA shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victoryâ¦. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.â Speech at Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946 After winning the Second World War, Churchill was shocked to lose the 1945 general election to a resurgent Labour party. He was Leader of the Opposition from 1945-51. But, under the Conservatives, he returned to power in the 1950 election â accepting much of the post-war consensus and the end of the British Empire. Churchill served as PM from 1951-55 before retiring from politics. In his last speech in the Commons in 1955-03-01, he ended with the words: âThe day may dawn when fair play, love for oneâs fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.â Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 âfor his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.â Towards the end of his life, Churchill became an accomplished artist, though he found the years of retirement difficult and suffered periods of depression. Churchill died in his home at age 90, on the morning of Sunday 24 January 1965. His funeral was the largest state funeral in the world, up to that point in time. Aaron James
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