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Managing Editor, Jeff Clark Trader Razin's father, Timofey Razya, supposedly came from a suburb of Voronezh, a city near Russia's steppe frontier, called the Wild Fields. Razin's uncle and grandmother still lived in the village of New Usman' or Usman' Sobakina, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) outside of Voronezh, until 1667.[2] The identity of Razin's mother is debated. In one document, Razin was referred to as a tuma Cossack which means "half-blood", leading to a hypothesis that his mother was a captured "Turkish" (turchanka) or Crimean Tatar[3] woman.[4] However, this term was also used by "upper Cossacks"[further explanation needed] as a derogatory nickname towards all "lower Cossacks" regardless of origin.[5] Another hypothesis draws on information about Razin's godmother Matrena Govorukha. According to tradition, a godmother should be related to a birthmother, and Stenka's godmother lived in the town of Tsarev-Borisov [ru] in Sloboda Ukraine. Thus, Stepan's mother could also be Ukrainian.[6] Razin was first mentioned in historical sources in 1652, when he asked for permission to go on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea.[7] In 1661, he was mentioned as part of a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to the Kalmyks. After that, all trace of him was lost for six years, after which he reappeared as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the Tishina and Ilovlya rivers, whence he levied tribute from all vessels passing up and down the Volga.[citation needed] In 1665, his elder brother, Ivan, was executed by order of Yuri Dolgorukov [ru] for unauthorized desertion from the war with the Poles.[8] Protracted wars with Poland in 1654â1667 and the Russo-Swedish War (1656â1658) put a heavy burden upon the people of Russia. Taxes increased, as did conscription. Many peasants, hoping to escape these burdens, fled south and joined Razin's bands of Cossacks. They were also joined by many others who were disaffected with the Russian government, including people of the lower classes, as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups such as Kalmyks, that were being oppressed at the time. Razin's first notable exploit was to destroy the great naval convoy consisting of the treasury barges and the barges of the Patriarch and the wealthy merchants of Moscow. Razin then sailed down the Volga with a fleet of 35 vessels, capturing the more important forts on his way and devastating the country. At the beginning of 1668, he defeated the voivode Yakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from Astrakhan, and in the spring embarked on a predatory expedition into Daghestan and Persia, which lasted for eighteen months. 124 Broadkill Rd, 4 Milton, DE 19968.We sent this editorial email that contains advertisements to {EMAIL} because you subscribed to our service. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can click on the [unsubscribe](. At Polaris Advertising, we appreciate your feedback and questions. However, please be aware that we cannot provide personalized advice due to legal restrictions. To make sure that our emails continue to reach your inbox, please add our email address to your address book. If you need to get in touch with us, you can call us toll-free at Domestic/International: â +1 302 966-9552 Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm ET, or send us an email at support@polarisadvertising.com. ð 124 Broadkill Rd, 4 Milton, DE 19968. Any reproduction, copying, or redistribution of our content, in whole or in part, is prohibited without written permission from Polaris Advertising. © 2023 Polaris Advertising. All rights reserved.