New forecast from market expert - June 15

June 15 [View in browser]( June 15 | [View in browser]( [The Economic Legacy]( [-------------------------] Dear Reader, In March of last year, millionaire trader Jeff Clark predicted “trouble ahead” for the tech market. That very day, big–name stocks like Amazon, Netflix, and Facebook collapsed… falling as much as 50% in the weeks and months that followed. He predicted the 2020 crash 10 months in advance… And he even warned about the 2008 crash. Now Jeff’s coming forward with a brand new forecast — only it’s unlike any of his past predictions. It’s directly connected to the money in your wallet. [Get the details here.]( Sincerely, Andrew Miller Managing Editor, Jeff Clark Trader The first recorded official plan for enlisting Cossack formations as a border service in Poland-Lithuania was brought to the State Council of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1524 by Semen Polozovic and Kristof Kmitic. However, due to a lack of funds, the idea was not realized. The starosta of Cherkasy, Ostap Dashkevych, revived the idea at the 1533 council in Piotrków Trybunalski. Dashkevych tried to show that in order to protect the borders beyond the Dnieper River it would be necessary to maintain an army of 2,000 soldiers and several hundred cavalrymen. He pointed out the importance of establishing forts on the river's islands to keep Tatar raids in check. On July 21, 1541 the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund I the Old, issued an edict to the starosta of Cherkasy, Andrei Glebovich Pronsky (?-1557, a descendant of the Pronsk princes),[3] in which he strictly warned Pronsky to control the Cossack raids against Tatar uluses. With the start of the Livonian War of 1558–1583, the voivode of Kiev, Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, and the starosta of Cherkasy, Alexander Wiśniowecki, recruited Cossacks into their armies, while in 1568 King and Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus sent a proposition to the Zaporizhian Sich to join his foreign campaign and to sign up for royal service. Sigismund II Augustus decreed the formation of registered Cossacks on June 5, 1572[2] when the King confirmed the orders of Great Crown Hetman Jerzy Jazłowiecki, the voivode of Podole and Ruthenia, for state service.[4] The first commander, called starszy ("elder") of the registered cossacks, was Jan Badowski [uk].[2] The registered Cossacks were the only military Cossack formation recognized by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2] Seniors of the Registered Cossacks Year Hetman Notes 1572 Jan Badowski[4] 1575 Bohdan Ruzhynsky 1578 Michał Wiśniowiecki[4] 1583 1590 1600 Havrylo Krutnevych[4] 1603 Ivan Kuchkovych[4] 1618 Petro Konashevych[4] 1622 Olifer Holub[4] elected by Cossacks 1623 Mykhailo Doroshenko[4] last hetman, replaced by a commissar Registered Cossacks formed an elite among the Cossacks, serving in the military under officers (starshyna), colonels (polkovnyk) and generals (hetman), under the Grand Crown Hetman (the highest Commonwealth military commander). A substantial minority of Cossacks formed skilled light cavalry units (choragiew), excellent skirmishers trained in mounted archery (and later using firearms), making lightning raids, harassing heavier, slower formations and disengaging. Those units were often used as support for heavy elite Commonwealth cavalry, the husaria, and were much cheaper to form than a hussar unit. The main Cossack units were the infantry, known for their tabor formation. Registered Cossacks had many privileges, including personal freedom, exemption from many taxes and duties, and the right to receive wages, although the Commonwealth military's fiscal problems, led to delayed payments, often via items like clothing or weapons instead of coin. Many Cossacks were skilled warriors and their major income source came from raids on the southern neighbors of the Commonwealth: the (Ottoman Empire and its vassals). However, only a small number were actually 'registered Cossacks'; the exact number was from few hundred to few thousand and varied over time, usually increasing during wartime. This led to many social and political tensions, especially as szlachta (Polish and Ukrainian gentry) continually attempted to force the Cossacks into submission as peasants, while the Cossacks demanded significant expansions of the Cossack register. Furthermore, the Cossack-szlachta conflict was aggravated as Cossacks often supported Commonwealth monarchs like Wladyslaw IV Waza who were at odds with Polish szlachta who wished to further limit the monarch's powers. The tensions between the Cossacks and szlachta grew from the late 16th century and resulted in several uprisings with the registered Cossacks often forced to choose sides between supporting their own people or the szlachta-backed Commonwealth forces. Eventually the king's refusal to expand the registry led to the Khmelnytsky uprising of 1648. A Russian-Polish alliance was formed against Bohdan Khmelnitsky, with his Cossacks being declared rebels against all order. Don Cossack raids on Crimea left Khmelnitsky without the aid of his usual Tatar allies. The rebellion ended with the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav in which Khmelnitsky's Cossacks, so as to destroy the Russian-Polish alliance against them, pledged their loyalty to the Russian Tsar, who guaranteed their protection, the recognition of their starshyna (officer-nobility) and their property and autonomy under his rule, freeing the Cossacks from the Polish sphere of influence in favor of Russian hegemony. Despite this, the Registered Cossacks remained an official unit of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army until 1699, with individual Cossacks travelling to the Commonwealth to enroll in its ranks. 124 Broadkill Rd, 4 Milton, DE 19968.We sent this editorial email that contains advertisements to {EMAIL} because you subscribed to our service. 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