In a recent War Game, Russia and China destroyed a "hostile submarine" in the "Sea of Japan."Tensions are escalating fast - which is why you must prepare for a Chinese attack on Taiwan NOW. [Target Line News] Dear Fellow Investor, In a recent War Game, Russia and China destroyed a "hostile submarine" in the "Sea of Japan." [Submarine]( Tensions are escalating fast - which is why you must prepare for a Chinese attack on Taiwan NOW. [Get my 3 step action plan here ]( When the Turks captured ThessalonÃki (Salonika) in 1430, the monks submitted to Turkish rule, a relation that led to the rapid decline and impoverishment of the monasteries and increased adoption of the more liberal system of governance. In reaction, the first skÃtes, or ascetic settlements, were founded in the 16th century, grouped around a common church as dependencies of the monasteries. In 1783 the patriarch Gabriel IV introduced successful reforms with a new charter. The Athos community suffered greatly from Turkish depredations during the War of Greek Independence (1821â29), when entire libraries were burned. By contrast, the patronage of the tsars in the 19th century brought about the expansion of the Russian monasteries and their properties.The mountain was discussed by Homer in the Iliad. In the 5th century BCE the Persian king Xerxes I, to avoid taking his fleet around the treacherous cape, cut a 1.5-mile- (2.4-km-) long canal through AktÃâs neck, traces of which are still visible. Although hermits inhabited Athos before 850 CE, organized monastic life began in 963, when St. Athanasius the Athonite, with the help of his Byzantine imperial patron, Nicephorus II Phocas, founded the first monastery, the Great Laura. Despite objections by the hermits to organized community monasticism, the rule of St. Athanasius was imposed on them by the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimisces, who granted Athos its first charter (Typikon). A traditional prohibition bars women and female animals from the Holy Mountain. Several more monasteries were built in the 11th century. With the endowment of monasteries by Russia and other Slavic countries, the peninsula took on an almost pan-Orthodox character. By 1400, the number of monasteries had reached 40 (half of which survive); the last to be built was Stavronikita, which was reconstructed in the 16th century (it has been damaged several times by fire).The Classical period began in 510 BCE with the overthrow of the Athenian tyrant Hippias. Cleisthenes, the founder of Athenian democracy, introduced isonomic institutionsâbased on equal rights, albeit solely for male citizensâand ostracism, whereby citizens could be expelled from the city for 10 years. His division of the city-state into 30 trittyes (tribal thirds) and 10 tribes is said to have fostered greater equality. The Greco-Persian Wars (492â449) brought many Greek city-states together in pursuit of a common goal and concluded with the defeat of the Achaemenian Empire and prompted the creation of the Delian League under the leadership of Athens. That city-stateâs supremacy led to the Peloponnesian War (431â404), fought against Sparta, whose military dominance of the Mediterranean contrasted with the cultural prominence of Athens. The war ended with Spartaâs victory and imposition of the Thirty Tyrants (404â403) on Athens. However, Spartaâs time as the most powerful Greek polis was short lived. The 4th century witnessed the rise of Thebes and, in 337, the creation of the League of Corinth, led by Philip II of Macedon.The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE marked the start of the Hellenistic Age, shaped by intense intercultural exchange, as exemplified by Hellenistic Judaism, Greco-Buddhism, and the School of Alexandria. In art, emotional display and naturalistic detail were prominent features of the Pergamene school, associated with the city of Pergamum in Anatolia (Asia Minor). The well-known Nike of Samothrace and the Colossus of Rhodes were sculpted in this period. In philosophy, the period witnessed the development of Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Pyrrhonism, while theatre engendered New Comedy, as Koine Greek became the lingua franca of the Hellenistic world. Prominent mathematicians Euclid and Archimedes were from Alexandria and Syracuse, respectively, underlining the expansive Greek sphere of influence. The communityâs present constitution dates from 1924 and is guaranteed by the Greek constitution of 1975. The Greek government is represented by a governor (dioikitÃs) appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to underline the mountainâs semiautonomy, but actual administration is in the hands of the Holy Council (Ierá Sýnaxis), comprising one representative of each of the monasteries. Executive power is vested in the Epistasia, composed of four representatives by annual rotation. About half of the monasteries are conservative, with much stricter rules on discipline and fasting. Most of the monasteries hug the coast and consist of a quadrangle of buildings enclosing a church. The churches contain some of the most important examples of Byzantine art, icons, and treasures. The surviving libraries hold a vast number of classical and medieval manuscripts, most of which have been cataloged. Area 130 square miles (336 square km). Pop. (2001) 1,961; (2011) 1,811.
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