ð¼âð ððððððð¦ ððð£ðððððð ð¡âð ððð ð¤ðð ðððâð¡ âððð. [Simple Money Goals]( Russia invades Ukraine The global science community was quick to condemn Russianâs invasion of Ukraine in February. Research organizations moved fast to cut ties with Russia, stopping funding and collaborations, and journals came under pressure to boycott Russian authors. The situation escalated when Russian forces attacked Europeâs largest nuclear power plant, Zaporizhzhia, in March, prompting fears of a nuclear accident. Russian troops continue to occupy the power plant. Since the invasion began, thousands of civilians have been killed and millions displaced; many others, including scientists, have fled the country. The war has affected research in space and climate science, disrupted fieldwork and played a significant part in the global energy crisis. The invasion could also precipitate a new era for European defence research. JWST delights astronomers NASA's James Webb Space Telescope reveals Stephans Quintet, a visual grouping of five galaxies, July 12, 2022 Stephans Quintet, a grouping of five galaxies, taken by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI via Getty NASAâs James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) â the most complex telescope ever built â reached its destination in space in January after decades of planning. In July, astronomers were awed by the telescopeâs first image â of thousands of distant galaxies in the constellation Volans. Since then, the US$10-billion observatory has captured a steady stream of spectacular images, and astronomers have been working feverishly on early data. Insights include detailed observations of an exoplanet, and leading contenders for the most distant galaxy ever seen. NASA also decided not to rename the telescope, despite calls from some astronomers to do so because the telescopeâs namesake, a former NASA administrator, held high-ranking government positions in the 1950s and 1960s, when the United States systematically fired gay and lesbian government employees. A NASA investigation âfound no evidence that Webb was either a leader or proponent of firing government employees for their sexual orientationâ, the agency said in a statement in November. AI predicts protein structures Researchers announced in July that they had used the revolutionary artificial-intelligence (AI) network AlphaFold to predict the structures of more than 200 million proteins from roughly one million species, covering almost every known protein from all organisms whose genomes are held in databases. The development of AlphaFold netted its creators at the London-based AI company DeepMind, owned by Alphabet, one of this yearâs US$3-million Breakthrough prizes â the most lucrative awards in science. AlphaFold isnât the only player on the scene. Meta (formerly Facebook), in California, has developed its own AI network, called ESMFold, and used it to predict the shapes of roughly 600 million possible proteins from bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that have not been isolated or cultured. Scientists are using these tools to dream up proteins that could form the basis of new drugs and vaccines. Monkeypox goes global Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) showing monkeypox virus particles from a human skin sample The monkeypox virus (shown here as a coloured transmission electron micrograph) is related to the smallpox virus.Credit: CDC/Science Photo Library The rapid global spread of monkeypox (recently renamed âmpoxâ by the World Health Organization) this year caught many scientists off guard. Previously, the virus had mainly been confined to Central and West Africa, but from May this year, infections started appearing in Europe, the United States, Canada and many other countries, mostly in young and middle-aged men who have sex with men. The virus is related to smallpox, and the circulating strain only rarely causes severe disease or death. But its fast spread led the World Health Organization to declare the global outbreak a âpublic-health emergency of international concernâ, the agencyâs highest alert level, in July. As cases soared, researchers got to work trying to understand the dynamics of the disease. Studies confirmed that it is transmitted primarily through repeated skin-to-skin contact, and trials of possible treatments got under way. Existing smallpox vaccines were also used to suppress the virus in some countries. Six months after mpox infections first started increasing, vaccination efforts and behavioural changes seemed to have curbed its spread in Europe and the United States. Researchers predict a range of scenarios from here â the most hopeful being that the virus fizzles out in non-endemic countries over the next few months or years. The Moon has a revival The Moon has become a popular destination for space missions this year. First off the launch pad, in August, was South Koreaâs Danuri probe, which is expected to arrive at its destination in January and orbit the Moon for a year. The mission is the countryâs first foray beyond Earthâs orbit and is carrying a host of experiments. Last month, NASAâs hotly anticipated Artemis programme â which aims to send astronauts to the Moon in the next few years â finally kicked off with the launch of an uncrewed capsule called Orion, a joint venture with the European Space Agency. As part of a test flight to see whether the system can transport people safely to the Moon, the capsule flew out past the Moon and made its way back to Earth safely this month. A lunar spacecraft made by a Japanese company launched this month. ispaceâs M1 lander is aiming to be the first of several private ventures to land on the surface of the Moon next year. The lander will carry two rovers, one for the United Arab Emirates and another for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA. The rovers will be a first for both countries. Climate-change funding People cross a flooded highway in Dadu district, Sindh province, Pakistan, 30 August 2022 People cross a flooded highway in Sindh province, Pakistan in August.Credit: Waqar Hussein/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock There were many reasons to feel despondent about the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP27) in Egypt last month, but an agreement on a new âloss and damageâ fund was one bright spot. The fund will help low- and middle-income countries to cover the cost of climate-change impacts, such as the catastrophic floods in Pakistan this year, which caused more than US$30 billion worth of damage and economic losses. But calls at COP27 to phase out fossil fuels were blocked by oil-producing states, and many blamed the lack of progress on the energy crisis sparked by Russiaâs invasion of Ukraine. High natural-gas prices have led some European nations to rely temporarily on coal. Global carbon emissions from fossil fuels are expected to hit 37.5 billion tonnes this year, a new record. The window to limit warming to 1.5â2 ºC above pre-industrial temperatures is disappearing fast â and might even have passed. Omicronâs offspring drive the pandemic Omicron and its descendants dominated all other coronavirus variants this year. The fast-spreading strain was first detected in southern Africa in November 2021, and quickly spread around the globe. From early on, it was clear that Omicron could evade immune-system defences more successfully than previous variants, which has meant that vaccines are less effective. Throughout the year, a diverse group of immune-dodging offshoots of Omicron has emerged, making it challenging for scientists to predict coming waves of infection. Vaccines based on Omicron variants have been rolled out in some countries in the hope they will offer greater protection than previous jabs, but early data suggest the extra benefit is modest. Nasal sprays against COVID-19 have also become a tool in the vaccine arsenal. The idea is that these stop the virus at the site where it first takes hold. In September, China and India approved needle-free COVID-19 vaccines that are delivered through the nose or mouth, and many similar vaccines are in various stages of development. Pig organs transplanted into people Surgeons conducting the first pig to human heart transplant, Baltimore, Maryland, USA - 07 Jan 2022 Surgeons in Baltimore, Maryland transplanted the first pig heart into a person in January.Credit: EyePress News/Shutterstock In January, US handyman David Bennett became the first person to receive a transplanted heart from a genetically modified pig â a crucial first step in determining whether animals could provide a source of organs for people who need them. Bennett survived for another eight weeks after the transplant, but researchers were impressed that he lived for that long, given that the human immune system attacks non-genetically modified pig organs in minutes. A few months later, two US research groups independently reported transplanting pig kidneys into three people who had been declared legally dead because they did not have brain function. The organs werenât rejected and started producing urine. Researchers say the next step is clinical trials to test such procedures thoroughly in living people. [Editors Note] [devider] Dear Reader, People ask me all the time⦠âIf you could put your money in only one stock⦠what would it be? Well, Iâm finally revealing the answer [right here](. Iâm more certain of this stock opportunity than any other in my career⦠which included buying stocks like: - Apple at $0.35
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