🔔 The complete billionaire financial blueprint 📂

Even more impressive, the Rockefellers mastered how to keep and grow their wealth. The Rockefeller fortune still supports 200 family members 6 generations later... Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (/ˈbaɪdən/ (listen) BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected to the United States Senate from Delaware in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. During his two terms as Obama's vice president, Biden frequently represented the administration in negotiations with congressional Republicans and was a close counselor to Obama. Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president and the first president from Delaware. As president, Biden has addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. He signed the American Rescue Plan Act, the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified protections for same-sex marriage and repealed DOMA. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Biden restored America's membership in the Paris Agreement on climate change. He completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, ending the war in Afghanistan, during which the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control. He responded to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing foreign aid and weapons shipments to Ukraine. Early life (1942–1965) Main article: Early life and career of Joe Biden Biden at Archmere Academy in the 1950s Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[1] at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[2] to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[3][4] The oldest child in a Catholic family, he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.[5] Jean was of Irish descent,[6][7][8] while Joseph Sr. had English, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry.[9][10][8] Biden's paternal line has been traced to stonemason William Biden, who was born in 1789 in Westbourne, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[11] Biden's father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[12] but he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,[13][14][15] and for several years the family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents in Scranton.[16] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden's father could not find steady work.[17] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was ten,[18] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[19][20][14][16] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[16][17][21] At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[22] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[16][23] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[24][25] He graduated in 1961.[24] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[26][27] and, as an unexceptional student,[28] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science.[29][30] Biden has a stutter, which has improved since his early twenties.[31] He says he reduced it by reciting poetry before a mirror,[25][32] but some observers suggested it affected his performance in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates.[33][34][35] Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973) Main article: Early career of Joe Biden See also: Family of Joe Biden On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (1942–1972), a student at Syracuse University,[29] after overcoming her parents' reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[36] They had three children: Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III (1969–2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden (1971–1972).[29] Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, after failing a course due to an acknowledged "mistake" when he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[28] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[1] Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Nixon's conduct of the war.[37] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments, at a time when most draftees were sent to the Vietnam War. In 1968, based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason for the deferment.[38] In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican".[39][40] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[39] Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[39] In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat[41][39] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[42] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[39] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[41] Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[16] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[43] In 1970, Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[44][41][45] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[46][47][48] Biden won the general election by defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[49][50] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[51][52][53][54] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[55] 1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware Main article: 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware Results of the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs, and with minimal campaign funds, he was given no chance of winning.[41][16] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[56] an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.[43] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[41] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care, and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".[41][56] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,[41] but his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage[21] and he won with 50.5 percent of the vote.[56] Death of wife and daughter On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware.[29][57] Neilia's station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[58] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[21] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[59] The accident filled Biden with anger and religious doubt. He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him,[60] and he had trouble focusing on work.[61][62] After the truck driver passed away in 1999, Biden in 2001 and 2007 accused the truck driver of drinking before the crash, even though the truck driver was never charged, and the chief prosecutor investigating the case stated that there was no evidence of drunk driving.[63] In 2008, Biden's spokesman said that Biden "fully accepts" that allegations of drunk driving were "false".[64] The truck driver's daughter said that Biden called her after a 2009 media report to apologize "for hurting my family in any way".[65] Second marriage Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977. Biden met the teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[66] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[67][68] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People's Republic.[69][70] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[71] They are Roman Catholics and attend Mass at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[72] Their daughter Ashley Biden (born 1981)[29] is a social worker. She is married to physician Howard Krein.[73] Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate in Iraq and later Delaware Attorney General[74] before dying of brain cancer in 2015.[75][76] As of 2008, Hunter Biden was a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser.[77] Teaching From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[78][79] The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[80][81][82][83] U.S. Senate (1973–2009) Main article: US Senate career of Joe Biden Senate activities Biden with President Jimmy Carter, 1979 In January 1973, secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center.[84][58] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family members.[84][58] At 30, he was the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history.[85] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between his Delaware home and D.C.[86]—74 minutes each way—and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[21] Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[87] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[88] As of 2022, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[89] During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[90] In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns and healthcare but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[91] Biden also worked on arms control.[92][93] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.[94] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[39] In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[95] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[96] Biden supported a measure[when?] forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them. In 1977, he co-sponsored an amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[97] Biden shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan, 1984 Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[98] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[99][100] and the Violence Against Women Act,[101] which he has called his most significant legislation.[102] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[103][104] in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a "big mistake", citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill "trapped an entire generation".[105] In 1993, Biden voted for a provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces.[106][107] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[108] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[109] Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[110] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[111] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[21] Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[21] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[112] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[87][113] Brain surgeries In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[114][115] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[115] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[115][116] Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[117] Senate Judiciary Committee Biden speaking at the signing of the 1994 Crime Bill with President Bill Clinton in 1994 Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997. As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[21] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌given in an interview the previous year‍—‌of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[118] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[118][119] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[21] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[119] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote[119] and then in the full Senate, 58–42.[120] During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[121] and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".[122] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[123][124] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[21] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[125] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[21] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[125] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[126] Senate Foreign Relations Committee Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 1997. Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[127] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[92][128] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[127][128] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[129] Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[128] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[130] Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[92] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.[92][127] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[92][128] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević.[131] Biden said he had told MiloÅ¡ević, "I think you're a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one."[131] Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnian Muslims, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman.[131] The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.[92] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.[128] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[92] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront MiloÅ¡ević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[128][132] Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Main article: War on terror Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004. Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."[133] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.[134] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[128] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[135] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a "mistake", but did not push for withdrawal.[128][131] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about its cost and length.[127][132] By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[128][131] saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.[136] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[137] In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq.[138] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions.[139] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[138] but the idea failed to gain traction.[136] In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush's speech to Israel's Knesset in which Bush compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech "bullshit", "malarkey", and "outrageous".[140] Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008 1988 campaign Main article: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign Biden at the White House in 1987 Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[141] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[39][142][143] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[142][143] By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[144] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[145] Biden's speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[146][147] but did not on two occasions in late August.[148]: 230–232 [147] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[149] Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[150] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[21][28] A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[28] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[151] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[152] Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[153][154] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[155] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[156] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[157] 2008 campaign Main article: Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign Biden campaigns at a house party in Creston, Iowa, July 2007 After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[87][158][159] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's.[160] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[161] Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[162] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[163] He withdrew from the race that evening.[164] Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[165]: 336  In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,[136][166] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[165]: 28, 337–338  Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".[166][165]: 28, 337–338  2008 vice-presidential campaign Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[167] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[167] and developed a strong personal rapport.[166] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[168] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[169] Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[170][171] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[172] Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[173][174] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[175][176] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked.[165]: 411–414, 419  Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[177] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[165]: 411–414  Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden's high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[178] As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[179] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[180] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin's 44%.[175] On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[181][182][183] At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[184] as permitted by Delaware law.[87] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.[185] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[186] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[187] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2]   Sometimes, colleagues of Sharp Economic News share special offers with us that we think our readers should be aware of. If you believe you received this email by mistake, please [unsubscribe here](.   Jeff Bezos is worth more than $150 billion dollars today. Yet John D. Rockefeller was worth DOUBLE that — about $343 billion according to Bloomberg. Even more impressive, the Rockefellers mastered how to keep and grow their wealth. Brain surgeries In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[114][115] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[115] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[115][116] Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[117] Senate Judiciary Committee Biden speaking at the signing of the 1994 Crime Bill with President Bill Clinton in 1994 Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997. As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[21] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌given in an interview the previous year‍—‌of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[118] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[118][119] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[21] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[119] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote[119] and then in the full Senate, 58–42.[120] During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[121] and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".[122] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[123][124] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[21] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[125] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[21] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[125] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[126] Senate Foreign Relations Committee Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 1997. Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[127] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[92][128] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[127][128] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[129] Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[128] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[130] Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[92] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.[92][127] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[92][128] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević.[131] Biden said he had told MiloÅ¡ević, "I think you're a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one."[131] Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnian Muslims, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman.[131] The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.[92] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.[128] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[92] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront MiloÅ¡ević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[128][132] Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Main article: War on terror Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004. Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."[133] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.[134] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[128] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[135] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a "mistake", but did not push for withdrawal.[128][131] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about its cost and length.[127][132] By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[128][131] saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.[136] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[137] In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq.[138] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions.[139] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[138] but the idea failed to gain traction.[136] In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush's speech to Israel's Knesset in which Bush compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech "bullshit", "malarkey", and "outrageous".[140] Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008 1988 campaign Main article: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign Biden at the White House in 1987 Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[141] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[39][142][143] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[142][143] By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[144] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[145] Biden's speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[146][147] but did not on two occasions in late August.[148]: 230–232 [147] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[149] Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[150] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[21][28] A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[28] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[151] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[152] Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[153][154] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[155] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[156] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[157] 2008 campaign Main article: Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign Biden campaigns at a house party in Creston, Iowa, July 2007 After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[87][158][159] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's.[160] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[161] Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[162] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[163] He withdrew from the race that evening.[164] Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[165]: 336  In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,[136][166] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[165]: 28, 337–338  Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".[166][165]: 28, 337–338  2008 vice-presidential campaign Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[167] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[167] and developed a strong personal rapport.[166] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[168] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[169] Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[170][171] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[172] Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[173][174] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[175][176] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked.[165]: 411–414, 419  Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[177] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[165]: 411–414  Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden's high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[178] As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[179] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[180] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin's 44%.[175] On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[181][182][183] At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[184] as permitted by Delaware law.[87] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.[185] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[186] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[187] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2] Vice presidency (2009–2017) See also: Presidency of Barack Obama Biden being sworn in as vice president on January 20, 2009 First term (2009–2013) First official portrait of Joe Biden as Vice President of the United States, 2009 Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush's vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.[191] He chaired Obama's transition team[192] and headed an initiative to improve middle-class economic well-being.[193] In early January 2009, in his last act as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he visited the leaders of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan,[194] and on January 20 he was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States[195]‍—‌the first vice president from Delaware[196] and the first Roman Catholic vice president.[197][198] Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player "who does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet".[199] In May, Biden visited Kosovo and affirmed the U.S. position that its "independence is irreversible".[200] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[201][202] but his skepticism was valued,[203] and in 2009, Biden's views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.[204] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[136] becoming the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[203] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden's responsibility: Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq."[205] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.[206][207] President Obama congratulates Biden for his role in shaping the debt ceiling deal which led to the Budget Control Act of 2011. Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[208] During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred,[203] and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[209] In late April 2009, Biden's off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak led to a swift retraction by the White House.[210] The remark revived Biden's reputation for gaffes.[211][204][212] Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was" but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.[213] On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was "a big fucking deal" during live national news telecasts. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[177] Biden during a visit to Baghdad Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.[214] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.[199] Obama said, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me."[203] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[215] Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[216] Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.[217][218] He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[217][218] In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts.[218][219] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. In March 2011, Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown.[220] The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[221][222][223] Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[206][224] lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects.[225][226] Biden, Obama and the national security team gathered in the White House Situation Room to monitor the progress of the May 2011 mission to kill Osama bin Laden. Reelection Main article: Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[216] but with Obama's popularity on the decline, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.[227] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,[227] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.[228] Biden and Obama, July 2012 Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".[229] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.[177][230][231] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,[230] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.[232] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[233][234] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[230] The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[235][206] An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" once again drew attention to Biden's propensity for colorful remarks.[235][236][237] In the vice-presidential debate on October 11 with Republican nominee Paul Ryan, Biden defended the Obama administration's record.[238][239] On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[240] over Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and 51% of the popular vote.[241] In December 2012, Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[242] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "fiscal cliff", Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[243][244] It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[244] Second term (2013–2017) Official vice president portrait, 2013 Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).[245] Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.[246][247][248] Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[249][250] Biden favored arming Syria's rebel fighters.[251] As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.[252][253] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL "to the gates of hell".[254] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.[255] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[256] Biden with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem, March 9, 2016 Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[257] Biden with Vice President-elect Mike Pence on November 10, 2016 Role in the 2016 presidential campaign During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[258] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was established.[258][259][260] By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son's recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."[261] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[262][263][264] In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but said he regretted not running for president "every day".[265] Subsequent activities (2017–2019) Biden with Barack Obama and Donald Trump, at the latter's inauguration on January 20, 2017 After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement.[266] He also continued to lead efforts to find treatments for cancer.[267] In 2017, he wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[268] Biden earned $15.6 million from 2017 to 2018.[269] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain's embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[270] Biden was targeted by two pipe bombs that were mailed to him during the October 2018 mail bombing attempts.[271][272] Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[273][274][275] He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[276][277] By 2019, Biden and his wife reported that their assets had increased to[clarification needed] between $2.2 million and $8 million from speaking engagements and a contract to write a set of books.[278] The University of Pennsylvania named Biden an honorary professor in 2017 and in 2018 opened the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement in Washington, D.C. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president. 2020 presidential campaign Main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign Speculation and announcement Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019 Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.[279] When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say never".[280] A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden's entry into the race.[281] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[282] saying he was prompted to run, among other reasons, by his "sense of duty."[283] The Rockefeller fortune still supports 200 family members 6 generations later... While the Vanderbilts and other wealthy families from the same era squandered their wealth. 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