Opinion Today: Why all the drug shortages? It’s not a mystery.

And a few practical solutions could make a big difference. [View in browser](~/AAAAAQA~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)|[nytimes.com](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0SxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~)[Continue reading the main story](#) [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0SYaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MTYyMTM5JmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIzMTIxMiZ0ZT0xJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMzEyMTJXA255dEIKZXOoWXhlg0YqolIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [Opinion Today](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TAaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vc2VjdGlvbi9vcGluaW9uP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) December 12, 2023 [Author Headshot] By Neel V. Patel Staff Editor, Opinion There’s a good chance you or someone you know has been directly impacted by the recent spate of drug shortages affecting Americans right now. People of all ages are currently grappling with the inability to access A.D.H.D. medications that help them get through the day, common antibiotics that eliminate age-old infections like syphilis and chemotherapy drugs that can mean the difference between life and death. The sad truth is that while these specific shortages are new, drug shortages have been commonplace for about two decades now. The average shortage lasts 1.5 years before it’s resolved. Few people have been studying this increasingly worsening issue as closely as Dr. Emily Tucker, an industrial engineer at Clemson University. In a recent [guest essay](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8wNi9vcGluaW9uL2RydWctc2hvcnRhZ2VzLXBoYXJtYWNldXRpY2Fscy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) for Opinion, Tucker traces the problem back squarely to the drug industry’s weak supply chains. In an effort to offer lower prices than those of competitors, generic drug manufacturers have cut corners in ways that leave their production infrastructure weak and susceptible to crashing because of any number of problems, such as a natural disaster hitting a production area or a breakdown in equipment. When a shortage is on the horizon, panic buying by health care providers worsens the problem. The Food and Drug Administration is limited in what it can do to intervene. In my conversations with her as she worked on her essay, Tucker repeatedly emphasized how absurd it was that we’ve allowed the U.S. health care system to operate this way for so long. Though the solutions to fixing drug shortages are not by any means cheap or easy, they also aren’t very complicated. Tucker outlines three major steps the federal government can take to salvage drug manufacturing from escalating disrepair. Her solutions don’t require any creative new strategy or newfangled innovation — they simply require a political will to make them happen. “We have accepted the cheap deal of unreliable essential drug supply chains for too long, leaving patients in the lurch when shortages strike,” she writes. Both parties in Congress, as well as the White House, have voiced their desire to fix the problem. At a [Senate hearing last week](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP4QyAWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZpbmFuY2Uuc2VuYXRlLmdvdi9oZWFyaW5ncy9kcnVnLXNob3J0YWdlcy1leGFtaW5pbmctc3VwcGx5LWNoYWxsZW5nZXMtaW1wYWN0cy1hbmQtcG9saWN5LXNvbHV0aW9ucy1mcm9tLWEtZmVkZXJhbC1oZWFsdGgtcHJvZ3JhbS1wZXJzcGVjdGl2ZT9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMiZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMDk5MzQmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTUyMzc3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) on drug shortages, several experts made loud pleas for new solutions. But it’s not yet clear whether legislation is coming through anytime soon. In the meantime, millions of Americans are left to their own devices to figure out how to move forward. [Read the guest essay:](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8wNi9vcGluaW9uL2RydWctc2hvcnRhZ2VzLXBoYXJtYWNldXRpY2Fscy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [[Article Image] Carl Godfrey](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8wNi9vcGluaW9uL2RydWctc2hvcnRhZ2VzLXBoYXJtYWNldXRpY2Fscy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [Guest Essay America Is Having Yet Another Drug Shortage. Here’s Why It Keeps Happening. A few simple solutions could save lives and ease the struggles of countless Americans. By Emily Tucker](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8wNi9vcGluaW9uL2RydWctc2hvcnRhZ2VzLXBoYXJtYWNldXRpY2Fscy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~)[Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) ADVERTISEMENT [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0SXaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9NTk3ODUmbGk9VFkmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPVRZXzIwMjMxMjEyJnRlPTEmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMlcDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) Here’s what we’re focusing on today: Editors’ Picks [What Is the Path to Peace in Gaza? Here Are 10 Ideas. 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Why have so many species vanished? And what does it all have to do with us? By Volker Schlecht, Alexander Lahl and Max Monch](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TvaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2Zyb2dzLWFtcGhpYmlhbnMtZW5kYW5nZXJlZC1leHRpbmN0aW9uLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMzEyMTImaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTA5OTM0Jm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE1MjM3NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZXOoWXhlg0YqolIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TvaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2Zyb2dzLWFtcGhpYmlhbnMtZW5kYW5nZXJlZC1leHRpbmN0aW9uLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMzEyMTImaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTA5OTM0Jm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE1MjM3NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZXOoWXhlg0YqolIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [Guest Essay Biden’s New Friendship With Modi Is Already Under Threat Accusations that an Indian official sought to kill a Sikh separatist in the U.S. expose the fragility of the relationship. By Kapil Komireddi](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2luZGlhLXVzLXNpa2gtYXNzYXNzaW5hdGlvbi5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [Several men, including President Biden and Narendra Modi, wear gold stoles.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2luZGlhLXVzLXNpa2gtYXNzYXNzaW5hdGlvbi5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [The Paradox of India’s Rise Pratap Bhanu Mehta discusses the signs of rising illiberalism in the world’s largest democracy. By ‘The Ezra Klein Show’](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2V6cmEta2xlaW4tcG9kY2FzdC1wcmF0YXAtYmhhbnUtbWVodGEuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMiZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMDk5MzQmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTUyMzc3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) [A portrait of Pratap Bhanu Mehta](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2V6cmEta2xlaW4tcG9kY2FzdC1wcmF0YXAtYmhhbnUtbWVodGEuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMiZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMDk5MzQmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTUyMzc3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~)[Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) ADVERTISEMENT [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0SYaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjAxODEyJmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIzMTIxMiZ0ZT0xJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMzEyMTJXA255dEIKZXOoWXhlg0YqolIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [Peter Coy Skepticism of Digital Currency Needs to Be Taken Seriously Central bankers are plowing ahead with the technology, but the potential for backlash is high. By Peter Coy](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TlaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMS9vcGluaW9uL2RpZ2l0YWwtY3VycmVuY3ktZG9sbGFyLWV1cm8uaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMiZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMDk5MzQmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTUyMzc3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) [An illustration depicting a close-up of George Washington’s eye as it appears on the U.S. dollar bill, in orange.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TlaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMS9vcGluaW9uL2RpZ2l0YWwtY3VycmVuY3ktZG9sbGFyLWV1cm8uaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIzMTIxMiZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMDk5MzQmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTUyMzc3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgplc6hZeGWDRiqiUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) [Two Opinion Writers on the Biggest Takeaways From Liz Cheney’s Memoir Carlos Lozada and Katherine Miller on Jan. 6, Kevin McCarthy and political fear. By Carlos Lozada, Katherine Miller and Vishakha Darbha](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2xpei1jaGVuZXktbWVtb2lyLXRha2Vhd2F5cy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [An illustration in blue shows a headshot of Liz Cheney.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMi9vcGluaW9uL2xpei1jaGVuZXktbWVtb2lyLXRha2Vhd2F5cy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [letters Can Recycling’s Problems Be Fixed? Readers react to an essay that acknowledged the system is broken and offered solutions. Also: Campus protests; glamorizing guns; Times issue No. 60,000.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TSaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMS9vcGluaW9uL3JlY3ljbGluZy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [An illustration of a blue bottle, partially crushed and leaning to one side, holding a red flower.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRnWt6oP0TSaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMy8xMi8xMS9vcGluaW9uL3JlY3ljbGluZy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjMxMjEyJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTEwOTkzNCZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNTIzNzcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmVzqFl4ZYNGKqJSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) We hope you’ve enjoyed this newsletter, which is made possible through subscriber support. 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