Opinion Today: The danger in trying to quantify suffering

Lessons from the history of American slavery. [View in browser](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP4QnAWh0dHBzOi8vbWVzc2FnaW5nLWN1c3RvbS1uZXdzbGV0dGVycy5ueXRpbWVzLmNvbS90ZW1wbGF0ZS9vYWt2Mj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnByb2R1Y3RDb2RlPVRZJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVyaT1ueXQlM0ElMkYlMkZuZXdzbGV0dGVyJTJGMjUzNjcxOWQtOTExZS01MzBkLWJkM2YtNzlhOGFmY2MyNDFjJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA)|[nytimes.com](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0SvaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~)[Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-ad-marquee) ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0RtaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MTYyMTM5JmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIyMDEzMVcDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~ [Read more from Opinion](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0S-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vc2VjdGlvbi9vcGluaW9uP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) January 31, 2022 [Author Headshot](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0S-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vYnkvYWFyb24tcmV0aWNhP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) By [Aaron Retica](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0S-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vYnkvYWFyb24tcmV0aWNhP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) Editor at Large, Opinion Jamelle Bouie has always depended on the kindness of historians. So when a new segment of the ongoing data project SlaveVoyages became available, it was natural for him to write about the brilliant people who put it together. The latest addition is a data set that “documents the ‘coastwise’ traffic to New Orleans during the antebellum years of 1820 to 1860, when it was the largest slave-trading market in the country,” as Jamelle writes in [his Sunday Review cover story.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TgaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOC9vcGluaW9uL3NsYXZlcnktdm95YWdlcy1kYXRhLXNldHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) There is a lot this data can tell us about the political economy of the slave system as it developed over its centuries-long course, but Jamelle also wants to ask, along with the historians he writes about, “How exactly do we relate to data that allows someone — anyone — to identify a specific enslaved person? How do we wield these powerful tools for quantitative analysis without abstracting the human reality away from the story?” As Jamelle’s editor, I wanted to drill down still further, so I asked him to do a Q. and A. with me. And let me tell you something: I’m glad I’m not the person who had to answer these questions. You write a lot about works of history in your column. What made you want to talk to living historians here? [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-0) ADVERTISEMENT ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0RsaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9NTk3ODUmbGk9VFkmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPVRZXzIwMjIwMTMxVwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~ There is obviously a great deal you can learn by reading history. But I think it’s also very fruitful to talk to historians, the same way it is fruitful, as a journalist, to talk to any expert. For me, actual conversations are a way to ask questions, clarify ideas and even come to new insights. For this essay in particular, I thought it was important to get on the record thoughts from some of the many scholars who have done important and pioneering work on these questions around data science and the archive. I also just like talking to historians. In your home state of Virginia and many others, teaching Black history in an, um, non-inspirational way has come under threat. [One commenter on your piece](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0S_aHR0cHM6Ly9ueXRpLm1zLzN1YWoxVzM_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3I3Blcm1pZD0xMTY2MTIwMTlXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) noted that your article provided “Critical Race Reality.” What is there to say about the movement to foreclose the teaching of history as it actually was? I don’t think it is actually about the history as such. There are certainly people involved in the effort to root out “critical race theory” who are opposed to any teaching or history that doesn’t flatter a nationalist narrative of forward progress, or that doesn’t hold out the majority of Americans as somehow innocent of the nation’s misdeeds. But I’m not sure that this in itself is what animates the movement in question. I think it has less to do with the content of the history and more with the implications of the history for how we understand ourselves and others. By asking students to inhabit a different mind-set for the sake of understanding the past, history can be a tool for extending our capacity for empathy and understanding. And that empathy can shape the ways we relate to each other in the present. Years of lessons about slavery and civil rights might have primed some number of young people to have an instinctive sympathy with victims of injustice in the present, a sympathy that could lead them to act. [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-1) ADVERTISEMENT ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0RtaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjAxODEyJmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIyMDEzMVcDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~ I think some of this is what happened during the George Floyd protests of 2020 — which saw millions of people, many of them young and white, march in solidarity with Black activists and protesters — and I think the “critical race theory” panic is a rearguard action of sorts against the ideas and cultural forces that produced that solidarity. It’s less about education as education, and more about education as a tool for social reproduction, and the fear that the next generation will hold very different ideas about the nature of this country and its hierarchies. I sometimes say about your work that it shows how much the 19th century has determined what is happening in the 21st. How true do you think that is? What do you say to the many people who argue that we just need to leave all this behind us? Obviously the past has a powerful influence on the present. But I do not think that it determines the present. When I look at the 19th century, for example, I see Americans struggling with some of the same forces that shape our lives now. I think it’s useful to learn about those struggles and see how earlier citizens dealt with some of the problems of this country. That the circumstances are very different means that you can’t make a one to one comparison or analogy. But that doesn’t mean there’s nothing to learn. As for the people who think we need to leave all of this behind us, I’ll refer them to Karl Marx, writing in “[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TWaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubWFyeGlzdHMub3JnL2FyY2hpdmUvbWFyeC93b3Jrcy8xODUyLzE4dGgtYnJ1bWFpcmUvP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~).” “Men make their own history,” he wrote, “but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” [Read the cover story here.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TgaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOC9vcGluaW9uL3NsYXZlcnktdm95YWdlcy1kYXRhLXNldHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [[Article Image] Illustration by Chris Burnett; photograph from the Library of Congress](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TgaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOC9vcGluaW9uL3NsYXZlcnktdm95YWdlcy1kYXRhLXNldHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Jamelle Bouie We Still Can’t See American Slavery for What It Was Data science is unlocking insights about the U.S. slave system, but there is a danger in trying to quantify suffering. By Jamelle Bouie](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TgaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOC9vcGluaW9uL3NsYXZlcnktdm95YWdlcy1kYXRhLXNldHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-2) ADVERTISEMENT ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0RtaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9NzI2NTM3JmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIyMDEzMVcDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~ Here’s what we’re focusing on today: Editors’ Picks [Guest Essay What We Can Learn From How the 1918 Pandemic Ended Overconfidence, indifference and weariness are perhaps the biggest dangers. By John M. Barry](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TZaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL2NvdmlkLXBhbmRlbWljLWVuZC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TZaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL2NvdmlkLXBhbmRlbWljLWVuZC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) On the News [The Conversation Nothing’s More Fun Than Picking the Next Supreme Court Justice. Right? Sometimes fulfilling a campaign promise gets tricky. By Gail Collins and Bret Stephens](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TcaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL3N1cHJlbWUtY291cnQtanVzdGljZS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TcaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL3N1cHJlbWUtY291cnQtanVzdGljZS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Charles M. Blow When All-White Was All Right “Only when we disentangle the concepts of whiteness and maleness from the concept of power can we see the damage the association has done.” By Charles M. Blow](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL3N1cHJlbWUtY291cnQtbm9taW5hdGlvbi1pZGVudGl0eS1wb2xpdGljcy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL3N1cHJlbWUtY291cnQtbm9taW5hdGlvbi1pZGVudGl0eS1wb2xpdGljcy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Maureen Dowd Rhapsody for a Boy in Blue He should have been the future of policing in New York. By Maureen Dowd](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2phc29uLXJpdmVyYS1wb2xpY2UtZGVhZC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2phc29uLXJpdmVyYS1wb2xpY2UtZGVhZC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Guest Essay Nashville’s Voters Are Silenced, and a Good Public Servant Is Gone Representative Jim Cooper won re-election again and again because he is a good politician and a good man. But he finally lost to Republican gerrymandering. By Margaret Renkl](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL25hc2h2aWxsZS1nZXJyeW1hbmRlci12b3RpbmctamltLWNvb3Blci5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL25hc2h2aWxsZS1nZXJyeW1hbmRlci12b3RpbmctamltLWNvb3Blci5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) Ideas [Ross Douthat Will a Mask Debate Split Blue States? The growing normalcy divide within liberal America. By Ross Douthat](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TeaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL21hc2stc2Nob29sLWNvdmlkLXJ1bGVzLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TeaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL21hc2stc2Nob29sLWNvdmlkLXJ1bGVzLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Guest Essay My Young Mind Was Disturbed by a Book. It Changed My Life. Books are not inert tools of pedagogy. They are mind-changing, world-changing. By Viet Thanh Nguyen](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TtaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2N1bHR1cmUvYm9vay1iYW5uaW5nLXZpZXQtdGhhbmgtbmd1eWVuLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TtaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2N1bHR1cmUvYm9vay1iYW5uaW5nLXZpZXQtdGhhbmgtbmd1eWVuLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Guest Essay How Do You Respond When an Anti-Vaxxer Dies of Covid? Don’t give in to schadenfreude. It warps the soul. By James Martin](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0ToaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2N1bHR1cmUvY292aWQtZGVhdGgtbWVudGFsLWhlYWx0aC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0ToaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2N1bHR1cmUvY292aWQtZGVhdGgtbWVudGFsLWhlYWx0aC5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Tish Harrison Warren Why Churches Should Drop Their Online Services In-person church is as essential as in-person school. By Tish Harrison Warren](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TjaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2NodXJjaC1vbmxpbmUtc2VydmljZXMtY292aWQuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TjaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2NodXJjaC1vbmxpbmUtc2VydmljZXMtY292aWQuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Guest Essay The New Wave of Holocaust Revisionism Holocaust distortion is a threat to memory. By Jan Grabowski](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TeaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2hvbG9jYXVzdC1wb2xhbmQtZXVyb3BlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TeaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8yOS9vcGluaW9uL2hvbG9jYXVzdC1wb2xhbmQtZXVyb3BlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) Opinion Audio [Why This Democratic Governor Seems to Be Over Covid Gov. Jared Polis of Colorado defends his relatively laissez-faire approach to pandemic response. By ‘Sway’](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL3N3YXkta2FyYS1zd2lzaGVyLWphcmVkLXBvbGlzLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TkaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMS9vcGluaW9uL3N3YXkta2FyYS1zd2lzaGVyLWphcmVkLXBvbGlzLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) What You’re Saying [letters Amanda Gorman’s Message to the World Responses to the inaugural poet. Also: Teaching during Omicron; considering secession; America’s long game; a national ID card; reasons to be vegan.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TcaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2xldHRlcnMvYW1hbmRhLWdvcm1hbi5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TcaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wMS8zMC9vcGluaW9uL2xldHRlcnMvYW1hbmRhLWdvcm1hbi5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjIwMTMxJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTUxNzYyJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTgxMjE2JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgph35rd92EkarEVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) Subscribe Today New York Times Opinion curates a wide range of views, inviting rich discussion and debate that helps readers analyze the world. This work is made possible with the support of subscribers. [Please consider subscribing to The Times with this special offer](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TLaHR0cDovL3d3dy5ueXRpbWVzLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpcHRpb24_Y2FtcGFpZ25JZD05S1hGVSZjYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIyMDEzMSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD01MTc2MiZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD04MTIxNiZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYd-a3fdhJGqxFVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA). Games Here is [today’s Mini Crossword](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TDaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vY3Jvc3N3b3Jkcy9nYW1lL21pbmk_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) and [Spelling Bee](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRj2mKaP0TDaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vcHV6emxlcy9zcGVsbGluZy1iZWU_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMjAxMzEmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NTE3NjImbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9ODEyMTYmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmHfmt33YSRqsRVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~). 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