Opinion Today: Want to create a more equal world? Look to ancient history.

A new perspective takes on centuries of conventional wisdom. [View in browser](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P4QnAWh0dHBzOi8vbWVzc2FnaW5nLWN1c3RvbS1uZXdzbGV0dGVycy5ueXRpbWVzLmNvbS90ZW1wbGF0ZS9vYWt2Mj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIxMTEwNSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD00NDY1MyZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnByb2R1Y3RDb2RlPVRZJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD03MzYxMyZ0ZT0xJnVyaT1ueXQlM0ElMkYlMkZuZXdzbGV0dGVyJTJGMjJlZjFhMTctNDgxZi01OTY3LTg0MzktNTFiNmM4OTM1OTA1JnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYYH5HIVhhfby1VIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA)|[nytimes.com](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0SvaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~)[Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-ad-marquee) ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0RtaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MTYyMTM5JmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIxMTEwNVcDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~ [Read more from Opinion](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0S-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vc2VjdGlvbi9vcGluaW9uP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) November 5, 2021 [Author Headshot] By Rachel Poser Sunday Review Editor, Opinion When I first spoke with David Graeber and David Wengrow more than a year ago, they were eating schnitzel in an Austrian cafe in London — two friends having a rather heavy lunch, planning to change the course of human history. Wengrow is an archaeologist at University College London, and, at the time, Graeber was an anthropologist at the London School of Economics, a beloved activist-scholar best known for his book “Debt: The First 5,000 Years.” They were animated by the excitement of new discovery; they moved from table to table at the cafe, trying to find a good enough internet connection to tell me about the book they were writing, which they promised would overturn centuries of conventional wisdom about the origins of social inequality. The conventional wisdom they hoped to overturn is that, when it comes to human society, complexity and inequality go hand in hand. This idea was first put forward by the Swiss-French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the Enlightenment, and it appears today, in an updated form, in the work of “big history” writers like Jared Diamond, Francis Fukuyama and Yuval Noah Harari. Over the course of human history, these writers argue, as societies become larger and more sophisticated, they also become more hierarchical. Once early humans invented agriculture and congregated in cities, they also divided themselves into kings and peasants, lords and serfs, masters and slaves. [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-0) ADVERTISEMENT ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0RsaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9NTk3ODUmbGk9VFkmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPVRZXzIwMjExMTA1VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~ Graeber and Wengrow spent the last decade disproving that idea by researching archaeological sites all over the world — from Mesoamerica to China. [A guest essay published this week in Times Opinion](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2dyYWViZXItd2VuZ3Jvdy1kYXduLW9mLWV2ZXJ5dGhpbmctaGlzdG9yeS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~), which was adapted from their book, “The Dawn of Everything,” argues that “a surprising number of the world’s earliest cities were organized on robustly egalitarian lines.” For Graeber and Wengrow, this is not just about getting history right. Their findings have profound implications for our politics today. How are we ever going to solve the problem of inequality in the modern world, they ask in their book, if we believe that it is simply the price of living in large groups — in vibrant cities like New York, London and Shanghai? Graeber, who was a leading figure in the Occupy Wall Street movement and is credited with coining the slogan “We are the 99 percent,” spent his career marshaling history to help us imagine a better future. He and Wengrow tell a story that is startlingly optimistic — one that emphasizes human agency, creativity and experimentation. “Far from resigning ourselves to inequality,” they write, “the new picture that is now emerging of humanity’s deep past may open our eyes to egalitarian possibilities we would otherwise never have considered.” Graeber died unexpectedly in Venice in September 2020, at age 59, barely three weeks after he and Wengrow wrote the final chapter of their book, and long before they could write the three sequels they had planned. When they spoke to me from the cafe earlier that year, I could sense how much fun they were having — I could feel the heat of two minds that spark when brought together. It is painful to think about the loss of those volumes and everything else Graeber would have done in the coming decades. [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-1) ADVERTISEMENT ~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0RtaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjAxODEyJmxpPVRZJm09YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDcmcD1UWV8yMDIxMTEwNVcDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~ He had the capacity to take reality apart and reorder it before your eyes, revealing new patterns, perspectives and, most of all, possibilities. “The Dawn of Everything” is sure to provoke debate as experts in specific regions weigh in on the authors’ global conclusions, but the book, like all of Graeber’s work, serves as a much-needed reminder that we make our world — and that we have the power to change it. [Read the full essay here.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2dyYWViZXItd2VuZ3Jvdy1kYXduLW9mLWV2ZXJ5dGhpbmctaGlzdG9yeS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [[Article Image] Daniel Forero](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2dyYWViZXItd2VuZ3Jvdy1kYXduLW9mLWV2ZXJ5dGhpbmctaGlzdG9yeS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Guest Essay Ancient History Shows How We Can Create a More Equal World New research on humanity's deep past holds lessons for the future. By David Graeber and David Wengrow](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TxaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2dyYWViZXItd2VuZ3Jvdy1kYXduLW9mLWV2ZXJ5dGhpbmctaGlzdG9yeS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) Here’s what we’re focusing on today: Editors’ Picks [3,000 Miles From Glasgow, a Town and Its Polar Bears Face the Future In Churchill, climate change is not a looming danger. It imbues daily life. 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By Frank Bruni](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0ThaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2FtZXJpY2FuLXBvbGl0aWNzLW9wdGltaXNtLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0ThaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2FtZXJpY2FuLXBvbGl0aWNzLW9wdGltaXNtLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Jay Caspian Kang The Forgotten Nursing-Home Tragedy Covid deaths are again on the rise in elder-care facilities. Does anyone care? By Jay Caspian Kang](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TaaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL251cnNpbmctaG9tZS1kZWF0aHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIxMTEwNSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD00NDY1MyZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD03MzYxMyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYYH5HIVhhfby1VIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TaaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL251cnNpbmctaG9tZS1kZWF0aHMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIxMTEwNSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD00NDY1MyZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD03MzYxMyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYYH5HIVhhfby1VIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) Ideas [David Brooks Democrats Need to Confront Their Privilege To win the culture war, bring the nation together, don't split it into parts. By David Brooks](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TdaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2RlbW9jcmF0cy1jdWx0dXJlLXdhcnMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIxMTEwNSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD00NDY1MyZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD03MzYxMyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYYH5HIVhhfby1VIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TdaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2RlbW9jcmF0cy1jdWx0dXJlLXdhcnMuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0zOSZlbWM9ZWRpdF90eV8yMDIxMTEwNSZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD00NDY1MyZubD1vcGluaW9uLXRvZGF5JnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD03MzYxMyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKYYH5HIVhhfby1VIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAA) [Kara Swisher Is Meta’s Facial Recognition Retreat Another Head Fake? If ever an issue cried out for some lawmaking guidance, this is it. By Kara Swisher](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2ZhY2Vib29rLWZhY2lhbC1yZWNvZ25pdGlvbi1tZXRhLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TnaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2ZhY2Vib29rLWZhY2lhbC1yZWNvZ25pdGlvbi1tZXRhLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Spencer Bokat-Lindell It’s Time to Change the Clocks Again. Why Do We Do This to Ourselves? Most Americans don’t like this disruptive ritual — but they’re split about which side of the clock-switching system they prefer. By Spencer Bokat-Lindell](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uLzIwMjEtZGF5bGlnaHQtc2F2aW5nLXRpbWUtY2hhbmdlLWNsb2Nrcy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0TuaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uLzIwMjEtZGF5bGlnaHQtc2F2aW5nLXRpbWUtY2hhbmdlLWNsb2Nrcy5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTM5JmVtYz1lZGl0X3R5XzIwMjExMTA1Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTQ0NjUzJm5sPW9waW5pb24tdG9kYXkmcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTczNjEzJnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0QgphgfkchWGF9vLVUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAA~) What You’re Saying [letters The Stain of Guantánamo: Torture A terrorist’s testimony and a clemency letter by military officers. Also: Florida professors; religion and politics; health care; Mark Zuckerberg.](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0ThaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2xldHRlcnMvZ3VhbnRhbmFtby10b3J0dXJlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) [Article Image](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRjZ6H5P0ThaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wNC9vcGluaW9uL2xldHRlcnMvZ3VhbnRhbmFtby10b3J0dXJlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9MzkmZW1jPWVkaXRfdHlfMjAyMTExMDUmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9NDQ2NTMmbmw9b3Bpbmlvbi10b2RheSZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NzM2MTMmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmGB-RyFYYX28tVSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~) Subscribe Today New York Times Opinion curates a wide range of views, inviting rich discussion and debate that helps readers analyze the world. 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