Race/Related: Back When Sears Made Black Customers a Priority

The buying power of black consumers during Jim Crow. View in [Browser]( | Add nytdirect@nytimes.com to your address book. [The New York Times]( [The New York Times]( Saturday, October 20, 2018 [More Race/Related »]( [Founded after the Civil War, the original Sears, Roebuck and Company developed a catalog business that sold the latest dresses, toys, build-it-yourself houses and even tombstones.] Founded after the Civil War, the original Sears, Roebuck and Company developed a catalog business that sold the latest dresses, toys, build-it-yourself houses and even tombstones. Sears, Roebuck & Company [Lauretta Charlton] Lauretta Charlton The relationship between capitalism, white supremacy and civil rights is a fascinating one marked by boycotts, sit-ins and bus rides. All of these activities are centered on access to money and markets. African-Americans who lived in the rural South during Jim Crow usually had to buy goods on credit from local white store owners, who would often gouge them. Then came the Sears catalog. It sold everything from clothes and furniture to [cocaine](. But it also gave black consumers access to goods at national prices. The enterprise was so successful, store owners would organize bonfires and burn the catalogs to avoid losing their black customers. This week, Sears filed for [bankruptcy]( after 132 years in business. Louis Hyman, an author and professor of history and consumerism at Cornell, wrote a [compelling thread]( on Twitter that explained how the Sears catalog empowered black consumers during Jim Crow. Mr. Hyman walked me through some of these ideas in the interview below, which has been edited. ________________ Your thread sort of positioned Sears as a radical commercial entity during Jim Crow. A huge theme in my history of retail class is Jim Crow. Access for black people to competitive markets is pretty radical because a lot of the history of the relationship between black people and capitalism has been a monopoly relationship. Sears is not the story of would-be radicals trying to overthrow Jim Crow. It was about people trying to make some money, which is radical in a certain way, too. It seems easy for Americans to forget this kind of history. Do you think that is why your posts on Twitter resonated? I was really touched that so many black readers connected with this history. People were sharing their stories about their grandparents and the way in which they felt connected to people under Jim Crow. Obviously people recognize that being followed in a store today is not the same as Jim Crow, where if you step out of line or do the wrong thing you and your family could be murdered by the Ku Klux Klan. But I think the larger point is the exhaustion of having to deal with racist store owners, whether it’s the 1900s or 2018. What is the equivalent of consumer empowerment for people of color today? It’s tricky. The thing about Jim Crow is that it’s not about shopping, it’s about white supremacy. Not in the sense that we understand it today, but in a very transparent way. That’s the difference. I think today the feeling that you can be who you are and buy what you want was most clearly expressed through trans people who are able to buy what they want to wear, even if it doesn’t fit people’s expectations for their bodies. Do your students think capitalism can be a form or empowerment for people of color? All of my students feel like the ability to buy something is a pretty foundational right in our society. They’ll say, “Oh, maybe you people don’t have a right to a job, but I should have the ability to shop.” And when they see how that plays out in different ways for African-Americans, for women, gay people, it is pretty remarkable. Are your students thinking about things like wealth distribution and race? Of course! What I like about it is I get the future ibankers of tomorrow who are like, “we need to have more efficient markets that are neoliberal and are not discriminatory.” And then you get the students who are on the left who are like, “we need to have a basic income, and capitalism is racism and racism is the patriarchy.” I like to have those students in conversation because I feel like that’s the conversation we need to be having. What kind of blowback did you get after your post? People said that I argued capitalism is anti-racist, but that’s not true. All I’m saying is that in this one particular instance, this catalog helped some people in this way, and it’s an interesting way to understand the complexities of capitalism, particularly Jim Crow capitalism. It’s always surprising to me that white supremacy and consumer capitalism squared off. And in some small measure, white supremacy lost. And that’s really incredible because white supremacy was so powerful. It was this powerful organizing principle in American politics. That’s fascinating. ADVERTISEMENT [Connect With Us.]( [A church group singing hymns at the Myrtle-Wyckoff Plaza in Bushwick, Brooklyn.]( A church group singing hymns at the Myrtle-Wyckoff Plaza in Bushwick, Brooklyn. Maridelis Morales Rosado for The New York Times [Virginia Lozano] Virginia Lozano This year, Hispanic Heritage Month, which Race/Related has been [celebrating on Instagram]( landed on the one-year anniversary of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, and at a time when thousands of Latin American children are being separated from their families in the United States. I wanted to produce a piece in New York City that would pay tribute to the beauty of Latin American communities that continue to thrive through these hardships and also highlight the beauty of our culture. 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