How Sanctions Are Pinning Down The Russian Economy

The Russian economy is cratering under the weight of Western sanctions. Russian policymakers are struggling with how to respond — and what to wear. [View this email online]( [Planet Money]( Pin Drop --------------------------------------------------------------- by Greg Rosalsky Last week, the head of the Russian central bank, Elvira Nabiullina, walked up to a microphone to the sound of cameras snapping. She had some bad news for her nation. “The conditions for the Russian economy have altered dramatically,” Nabiullina said in Russian. “The new sanctions imposed by foreign states have entailed a considerable increase in the ruble exchange rate and limited the opportunities for Russia to use its gold and foreign currency reserves.” Translation: facing one of the harshest sanction campaigns against [any nation in modern history]( Russia is in for a world of hurt. To save the Russian currency from collapse and combat inflation, Nabiullina said, the Bank of Russia was raising their key interest rate to a staggering 20% — [an all-time high](. That’s also higher than the equivalent interest rate in the United States, the Federal Reserve’s federal funds rate, has [ever]( [been]( (although the Fed came close in the early 1980s, when Fed chair Paul Volker, aiming to stop runaway inflation, increased the rate to 19 percent and caused a [deep recession](. As Nabiullina dropped her bombshell — which, together with the effects of foreign sanctions, is expected to usher in a calamitous recession for Russia — she was wearing all black. You could say like the Grim Reaper. But her black turtleneck was also a bit reminiscent of Steve Jobs and Elizabeth Holmes. We normally wouldn't remark on what a policymaker was wearing. However, Nabiullina has explicitly said that what she wears at press conferences tends to have symbolic meaning. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR Over the last couple years, Nabiullina has taken to wearing brooches, or ornamental pins, to symbolize the mood of the Russian economy and the actions of the Bank of Russia. “I’ve been wearing brooches for a long time,” Nabiullina [told]( the news station RTVi in December 2020. But in 2020, she said, she began using brooches to signal messages. “I put something into each symbol, but I’m not going to explain.” In February 2020, for example, Nabiullina wore a brooch that looked like a stork. Months before, a journalist had asked her what kind of bird she considered herself to be. Was she a hawk? Meaning, she favors the tight monetary policy of higher interest rates to combat inflation. Or was she a dove? Meaning, she favors lower interest rates and is more willing to see inflation rise. Nabiullina said she wasn’t sure if she was a bird at all. However, at that February meeting, when she announced that the bank was slightly [cutting interest rates]( she identified herself with a stork — which some suggested was symbolic of a new life for the Russian central bank and economy. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In March 2020, at [a news conference]( where she announced the bank was taking measures to support the nation’s financial sector amid the pandemic, Nabiullina wore a brooch showing a Russian [roly-poly doll]( or nevаlyashka. These dolls have round bottoms and are designed so that when you push them over, they roll back upright. Observers [suggested]( it was meant to symbolize Russia’s economy coming back after getting knocked over by the pandemic. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In April 2020, with the pandemic in full swing, Nabiullina wore a brooch of a house. “Please, stay at home,” she said at the end of her news conference. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In June 2020, the Bank of Russia [cut interest rates]( by one full percentage point in an effort to juice the economy. Naturally, she wore a dove pin. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In July 2020, Nabiullina [wore a brooch]( with the letter V. Observers widely interpreted it as symbolizing the Bank’s hopes for a rapid, V-shaped recovery. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In October 2020, Nabiullina wore a brooch showing waves. Some observers suggested it was because another wave of the coronavirus was surging. Others thought it meant she believed there was about to be geopolitical turbulence caused by the anticipated election of Joe Biden. She later [denied]( the latter theory. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In March 2021, the Bank of Russia [raised interest rates]( in an effort to slow inflation. Naturally, she wore a hawk pin. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR In December 2021, Nabiullina wore a festive nutcracker pin. In that news conference, she announced the Bank of Russia was raising interest rates for the seventh time in a row. Perhaps the pin was symbolic of the bank's efforts to crack the hard nut of inflation. Credit: Grace Widyatmadja/NPR The Meaning Of All Black, No Pin Over the last couple weeks, in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and their allies have launched an economic war against Russia. It’s probably been the most stressful period for Russian economic policymakers in a generation. In her first public appearance during the war, Nabiullina chose to wear all black with no brooch. Maybe it’s because she didn’t think it was a time to have fun. Or maybe her all-black outfit with no pin conveyed something dark about the Russian economy. You know, like she was attending a funeral or a death metal concert or something. We don’t know. We do know that the wide-ranging sanctions imposed by the West seem to be working. Western allies are [disrupting Russian flights]( with sanctions and no-fly-zones, damaging the Russian aviation industry and making it hard for Russian business people to travel. They’re [seizing]( the assets — like [superyachts]( — of Russian oligarchs. They’ve frozen [hundreds of billions of dollars]( worth of the central bank’s foreign reserves, which are critical to Russia's ability to stabilize its currency and circumvent sanctions. They are preventing Russian banks from using the [SWIFT]( communication system, which is essential for financial institutions to transfer money internationally. They’ve been pushing Russian corporations to the brink of collapse. They’ve driven the value of the Russian ruble to [record lows](. As a result, Russians have been [lining up at ATM machines]( desperately trying to convert their rubles into stable assets, like hard goods or other currencies. Oxford Economics, an analytical company, estimates the Russian economy could shrink by as much as [seven percent]( as a result of the sanctions. For comparison, that’s almost double [the amount]( the U.S. economy contracted during the Great Recession. Expect business failures, skyrocketing unemployment, and countless miseries for the Russian people. The one area that the Western-imposed sanctions haven’t directly touched, at the time of writing this, is the lucrative Russian energy sector. The European economy depends on an uninterrupted supply of Russian energy, and turning off the spigot would likely mean large global energy price increases at a time when the world is already struggling with high inflation. The Russian government is leaning heavily on its largely exempt energy sector to help them through the storm. In addition to jacking up interest rates to historic levels, the Bank of Russia and the Russian finance ministry made bold moves to stabilize the ruble. They put the squeeze on Russian exporters — namely, Russian energy companies — ordering them to exchange [80% of their foreign currency]( reserves for rubles. The Russian government has also resorted to [capital controls]( preventing Russians from sending money to other countries. Pin Predecessors Nabiullina isn’t the first policymaker to use brooches to give hints about what they’re thinking. Former United States Secretary of State Madeline Albright famously used pins in the same way. “Shortly after becoming a diplomat, Madeleine Albright discovered the power of jewelry to convey foreign policy messages,” the U.S. State Department says on an official website, [Read My Pins: The Madeline Albright Collection](. “Before long, she began selecting appropriate pins to wear to particular meetings visually expressing her messages, including those of high hopes, determination, impatience, warnings or warm feelings.” We have no idea which brooches Nabiullina will be wearing in the coming months. But we can hope one will be a peace sign, or a white flag of surrender. Not subscribed? [Subscribe to this newsletter.]( Want to spread the love? [Share the web-version of this newsletter on social media.]( Craving more content? [Listen to our podcasts.]( --------------------------------------------------------------- Newsletter continues after sponsor message --------------------------------------------------------------- On Our Podcasts --------------------------------------------------------------- 'Fortress' Russia put to the test — The U.S. is putting Russia's defense plan against sanctions to the test. Meanwhile, Russia's role as a huge exporter of oil and natural gas could cause ripple effects throughout the global economy. [Listen here]( Putin's big bet: Sanction-proofing Russia — The U.S. is imposing economic sanctions on Russia to punish it for invading Ukraine. But Russia has spent years trying to make its economy immune to sanctions. So, will these new sanctions be enough? [Listen here]( All eyes on OPEC — OPEC produces over half of the world's internationally traded crude oil. How did this organization come about and what does it have to do with the war in Ukraine? The Indicator has the story [Listen here]( Also on The Indicator: [Will China come to Russia's rescue?]( [Economic warfare vs. Fortress Russia]( and [Who's gonna take care of grandma?]( --------------------------------------------------------------- Stream your local NPR station. Visit NPR.org to find your local station stream. [Find a Station]( --------------------------------------------------------------- [Subscribe to Planet Money+](. Your support helps make our show possible and unlocks access to our sponsor-free episodes. What do you think of today's email? We'd love to hear your thoughts, questions and feedback: [planetmoney@npr.org](mailto:planetmoney@npr.org?subject=Newsletter%20Feedback) Enjoying this newsletter? Forward to a friend! They can [sign up here](. Looking for more great content? [Check out all of our newsletter offerings]( — including Daily News, Politics, Health and more! You received this message because you're subscribed to Planet Money emails. 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