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[And inside this FREE report,]( I reveal the perfect dividend stock for those who want to live that No work, No gimmicks income machine lifestyle. Wealth See also: Income inequality in China Shanghai World Financial Center, Jin Mao Tower and Shanghai Tower, Lujiazui China accounted for 17.9% of the world's total wealth in 2021, second highest in the world after the US.[347] It ranks at 65th at GDP (nominal) per capita, making it an upper-middle income country.[348] China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history[349][350]—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million. China reduced the extreme poverty rate—per international standard, it refers to an income of less than $1.90/day—from 88% in 1981 to 1.85% by 2013.[351] The portion of people in China living below the international poverty line of $1.90 per day (2011 PPP) fell to 0.3% in 2018 from 66.3% in 1990. Using the lower-middle income poverty line of $3.20 per day, the portion fell to 2.9% in 2018 from 90.0% in 1990. Using the upper-middle income poverty line of $5.50 per day, the portion fell to 17.0% from 98.3% in 1990.[352] From 1978 to 2018, the average standard of living multiplied by a factor of twenty-six.[353] Wages in China have grown a lot in the last 40 years—real (inflation-adjusted) wages grew seven-fold from 1978 to 2007.[354] Per capita incomes have risen significantly – when the PRC was founded in 1949, per capita income in China was one-fifth of the world average; per capita incomes now equal the world average itself.[353] China's development is highly uneven. Its major cities and coastal areas are far more prosperous compared to rural and interior regions.[355] It has a high level of economic inequality,[356] which has increased in the past few decades.[357] In 2018 China's Gini coefficient was 0.467, according to the World Bank.[11] As of 2020, China was second in the world, after the US, in total number of billionaires and total number of millionaires, with 698 Chinese billionaires and 4.4 million millionaires.[358] In 2019, China overtook the US as the home to the highest number of people who have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000, according to the global wealth report by Credit Suisse.[359][360] According to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020, China is home to five of the world's top ten cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 10th spots, respectively) by the highest number of billionaires, which is more than any other country.[361] China had 85 female billionaires as of January 2021, two-thirds of the global total, and minted 24 new female billionaires in 2020.[362] China has had the world's largest middle-class population since 2015,[363] and the middle-class grew to a size of 400 million by 2018.[364] China in the global economy Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2022[365] China is a member of the WTO and is the world's largest trading power, with a total international trade value of US$4.62 trillion in 2018.[366] China is the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods.[367] Its foreign exchange reserves reached US$3.1 trillion as of 2019,[368] making its reserves by far the world's largest.[369][370] In 2012, China was the world's largest recipient of inward foreign direct investment (FDI), attracting $253 billion.[371] In 2014, China's foreign exchange remittances were $US64 billion making it the second largest recipient of remittances in the world.[372] China also invests abroad, with a total outward FDI of $62.4 billion in 2012,[371] and a number of major takeovers of foreign firms by Chinese companies.[373] China is a major owner of US public debt, holding trillions of dollars worth of U.S. Treasury bonds.[374][375] China's undervalued exchange rate has caused friction with other major economies,[376] and it has also been widely criticized for manufacturing large quantities of counterfeit goods.[377][378] Following the 2007–08 financial crisis, Chinese authorities sought to actively wean off of its dependence on the U.S. dollar as a result of perceived weaknesses of the international monetary system.[379] To achieve those ends, China took a series of actions to further the internationalization of the Renminbi. In 2008, China established the dim sum bond market and expanded the Cross-Border Trade RMB Settlement Pilot Project, which helps establish pools of offshore RMB liquidity.[380][381] This was followed with bilateral agreements to settle trades directly in renminbi with Russia,[382] Japan,[383] Australia,[384] Singapore,[385] the United Kingdom,[386] and Canada.[387] As a result of the rapid internationalization of the renminbi, it became the eighth-most-traded currency in the world by 2018, an emerging international reserve currency,[388] and a component of the IMF's special drawing rights; however, partly due to capital controls that make the renminbi fall short of being a fully convertible currency, it remains far behind the Euro, Dollar and Japanese Yen in international trade volumes.[389] As of 2022, Yuan is the world's fifth-most traded currency.[390] Science and technology Main articles: Science and technology in China, List of Chinese discoveries, and List of Chinese inventions Historical Main article: History of science and technology in China Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 CE China was a world leader in science and technology until the Ming dynasty.[391] Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers.[392][393] By the 17th century, the Western hemisphere surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement.[394] The causes of this early modern Great Divergence continue to be debated by scholars.[395] After repeated military defeats by the European colonial powers and Japan in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Communists came to power in 1949, efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the Soviet Union, in which scientific research was part of central planning.[396] After Mao's death in 1976, science and technology were promoted as one of the Four Modernizations,[397] and the Soviet-inspired academic system was gradually reformed.[398] Modern era Headquarters of Tencent in Shenzhen, one of the largest technology and entertainment companies in the world[399] Since the end of the Cultural Revolution, China has made significant investments in scientific research[400] and is quickly catching up with the US in R&D spending.[401][402] China officially spent around 2.4% of its GDP on R&D in 2020, totaling to around $377.8 billion.[403] According to the World Intellectual Property Indicators, China received more applications than the US did in 2018 and 2019 and ranked first globally in patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, and creative goods exports in 2021.[404][405][406] It was ranked 11th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, a considerable improvement from its rank of 35th in 2013.[407][408][409][410] Chinese supercomputers have been ranked the fastest in the world on a few occasions;[411] however, these supercomputers rely on critical components—namely processors—imported from outside of China.[412] China has also struggled with developing several technologies domestically, such as the most advanced semiconductors and reliable jet engines.[413][414] Launch of Shenzhou 13 by a Long March 2F rocket. China is one of the only three countries with independent human spaceflight capability. China is developing its education system with an emphasis on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).[415] It became the world's largest publisher of scientific papers in 2016.[416][417][418] Chinese-born academicians have won prestigious prizes in the sciences and in mathematics, although most of them had conducted their winning research in Western nations.[aa][improper synthesis?] Space program Main article: Chinese space program The Chinese space program started in 1958 with some technology transfers from the Soviet Union. However, it did not launch the nation's first satellite until 1970 with the Dong Fang Hong I, which made China the fifth country to do so independently.[425] In 2003, China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space with Yang Liwei's spaceflight aboard Shenzhou 5. as of 2022, sixteen Chinese nationals have journeyed into space, including two women. In 2011, China launched its first space station testbed, Tiangong-1.[426] In 2013, a Chinese robotic rover Yutu successfully touched down on the lunar surface as part of the Chang'e 3 mission.[427] In 2019, China became the first country to land a probe—Chang'e 4—on the far side of the Moon.[428] In 2020, Chang'e 5 successfully returned moon samples to the Earth, making China the third country to do so independently after the United States and the Soviet Union.[429] In 2021, China became the second nation in history to independently land a rover (Zhurong) on Mars, after the United States.[430] China completed its own modular space station, the Tiangong, in low Earth orbit on 3 November 2022.[431][432][433] On 29 November 2022, China performed its first in-orbit crew handover aboard the Tiangong.[434][435] Infrastructure After a decades-long infrastructural boom,[436] China has produced numerous world-leading infrastructural projects: China has the world's largest bullet train network,[437] the most supertall skyscrapers in the world,[438] the world's largest power plant (the Three Gorges Dam),[439] the largest energy generation capacity in the world,[440] a global satellite navigation system with the largest number of satellites in the world,[441] and has initiated the Belt and Road Initiative, a large global infrastructure building initiative with funding on the order of $50–100 billion per year.[442] The Belt and Road Initiative could be one of the largest development plans in modern history.[443] Telecommunications Main article: Telecommunications in China Internet penetration rates in China in the context of East Asia and Southeast Asia, 1995–2012 China is the largest telecom market in the world and currently has the largest number of active cellphones of any country in the world, with over 1.5 billion subscribers, as of 2018.[444][better source needed] It also has the world's largest number of internet and broadband users, with over 800 million Internet users as of 2018—equivalent to around 60% of its population—and almost all of them being mobile as well.[445] By 2018, China had more than 1 billion 4G users, accounting for 40% of world's total.[446] China is making rapid advances in 5G—by late 2018, China had started large-scale and commercial 5G trials.[447] China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom, are the three large providers of mobile and internet in China. China Telecom alone served more than 145 million broadband subscribers and 300 million mobile users; China Unicom had about 300 million subscribers; and China Mobile, the largest of them all, had 925 million users, as of 2018.[448] Combined, the three operators had over 3.4 million 4G base-stations in China.[449] Several Chinese telecommunications companies, most notably Huawei and ZTE, have been accused of spying for the Chinese military.[450] China has developed its own satellite navigation system, dubbed Beidou, which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in 2012[451] as well as global services by the end of 2018.[452][453] Upon the completion of the 35th Beidou satellite, which was launched into orbit on 23 June 2020, Beidou followed GPS and GLONASS as the third completed global navigation satellite in the world.[454] Transport Main article: Transport in China The Duge Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. Since the late 1990s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of national highways and expressways. In 2018, China's highways had reached a total length of 142,500 km (88,500 mi), making it the longest highway system in the world.[455][better source needed] China has the world's largest market for automobiles, having surpassed the United States in both auto sales and production. A side-effect of the rapid growth of China's road network has been a significant rise in traffic accidents,[456] though the number of fatalities in traffic accidents fell by 20% from 2007 to 2017.[457][better source needed] In urban areas, bicycles remain a common mode of transport, despite the increasing prevalence of automobiles – as of 2012, there are approximately 470 million bicycles in China.[458] The Beijing Daxing International Airport features the world's largest single-building airport terminal. China's railways, which are state-owned, are among the busiest in the world, handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in 2006.[459][better source needed] As of 2017, the country had 127,000 km (78,914 mi) of railways, the second longest network in the world.[460] The railways strain to meet enormous demand particularly during the Chinese New Year holiday, when the world's largest annual human migration takes place.[461] China's high-speed rail (HSR) system started construction in the early 2000s. By the end of 2020, high speed rail in China had reached 37,900 kilometers (23,550 miles) of dedicated lines alone, making it the longest HSR network in the world.[462][463] Services on the Beijing–Shanghai, Beijing–Tianjin, and Chengdu–Chongqing Lines reach up to 350 km/h (217 mph), making them the fastest conventional high speed railway services in the world. With an annual ridership of over 2.29 billion passengers in 2019 it is the world's busiest.[464][better source needed] The network includes the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen High-Speed Railway, the single longest HSR line in the world, and the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, which has three of longest railroad bridges in the world.[465] The Shanghai Maglev Train, which reaches 431 km/h (268 mph), is the fastest commercial train service in the world.[466] The Port of Shanghai's deep water harbor on Yangshan Island in the Hangzhou Bay is the world's busiest container port since 2010. Since 2000, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated.[467] As of January 2021, 44 Chinese cities have urban mass transit systems in operation[468] and 39 more have metro systems approved.[469] As of 2020, China boasts the five longest metro systems in the world with the networks in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Shenzhen being the largest. There were approximately 229 airports in 2017, with around 240 planned by 2020. China has over 2,000 river and seaports, about 130 of which are open to foreign shipping.[470] In 2017, the Ports of Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Guangzhou, Qingdao and Tianjin ranked in the Top 10 in the world in container traffic and cargo tonnage.[471] Water supply and sanitation Main article: Water supply and sanitation in China Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as water scarcity, contamination, and pollution.[472] According to data presented by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF in 2015, about 36% of the rural population in China still did not have access to improved sanitation.[473] The ongoing South–North Water Transfer Project intends to abate water shortage in the north.[474] Demographics Main article: Demographics of China A 2009 population density map of the People's Republic of China, with territories not under its control in blue. The eastern coastal provinces are much more densely populated than the western interior. The national census of 2020 recorded the population of the People's Republic of China as approximately 1,411,778,724. According to the 2020 census, about 17.95% of the population were 14 years old or younger, 63.35% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 18.7% were over 60 years old.[8] The population growth rate for 2013 is estimated to be 0.46%.[475] China used to make up much of the world's poor; now it makes up much of the world's middle-class.[476] Although a middle-income country by Western standards, China's rapid growth has pulled hundreds of millions—800 million, to be more precise[477]—of its people out of poverty since 1978. By 2013, less than 2% of the Chinese population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.9 per day, down from 88% in 1981.[351] From 2009 to 2018, the unemployment rate in China has averaged about 4%.[478] Given concerns about population growth, China implemented a two-child limit during the 1970s, and, in 1979, began to advocate for an even stricter limit of one child per family. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, given the unpopularity of the strict limits, China began to allow some major exemptions, particularly in rural areas, resulting in what was actually a "1.5"-child policy from the mid-1980s to 2015 (ethnic minorities were also exempt from one child limits). The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child.[479] In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a two-child policy.[480] A three-child policy was announced on 31 May 2021, due to population aging,[481] and in July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[482] According to data from the 2020 census, China's total fertility rate is 1.3, but some experts believe that after adjusting for the transient effects of the relaxation of restrictions, the country's actual total fertility rate is as low as 1.1.[483] In 2023, National Bureau of Statistics estimated that the population fell 850,000 from 2021 to 2022, the first decline since 1961.[484] According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on population growth[485] or the size of the total population.[486] However, these scholars have been challenged. Their own counterfactual model of fertility decline without such restrictions implies that China averted more than 500 million births between 1970 and 2015, a number which may reach one billion by 2060 given all the lost descendants of births averted during the era of fertility restrictions, with one-child restrictions accounting for the great bulk of that reduction.[487] The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth.[488][489] According to the 2010 census, the sex ratio at birth was 118.06 boys for every 100 girls,[490] which is beyond the normal range of around 105 boys for every 100 girls.[491] The 2010 census found that males accounted for 51.27 percent of the total population.[490] However, China's sex ratio is more balanced than it was in 1953, when males accounted for 51.82 percent of the total population.[490] Ethnic groups Main articles: List of ethnic groups in China, Ethnic minorities in China, and Ethnic groups in Chinese history Ethnolinguistic map of China in 1967 China legally recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, who altogether comprise the Zhonghua Minzu. The largest of these nationalities are the ethnic Chinese or "Han", who constitute more than 90% of the total population.[492] The Han Chinese – the world's largest single ethnic group[493] – outnumber other ethnic groups in every provincial-level division except Tibet and Xinjiang.[494] Ethnic minorities account for less than 10% of the population of China, according to the 2010 census.[492] Compared with the 2000 population census, the Han population increased by 66,537,177 persons, or 5.74%, while the population of the 55 national minorities combined increased by 7,362,627 persons, or 6.92%.[492] The 2010 census recorded a total of 593,832 foreign nationals living in China. The largest such groups were from South Korea (120,750), the United States (71,493) and Japan (66,159).[495] Languages Main articles: Languages of China and List of endangered languages in China A trilingual sign in Xishuangbanna, with Tai Lü language on the top Lihaozhai High School in Jianshui, Yunnan. The sign is in Hani (Latin alphabet), Nisu (Yi script), and Chinese. There are as many as 292 living languages in China.[496] The languages most commonly spoken belong to the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which contains Mandarin (spoken by 70% of the population),[497] and other varieties of Chinese language: Yue (including Cantonese and Taishanese), Wu (including Shanghainese and Suzhounese), Min (including Fuzhounese, Hokkien and Teochew), Xiang, Gan and Hakka. Languages of the Tibeto-Burman branch, including Tibetan, Qiang, Naxi and Yi, are spoken across the Tibetan and Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Other ethnic minority languages in southwest China include Zhuang, Thai, Dong and Sui of the Tai-Kadai family, Miao and Yao of the Hmong–Mien family, and Wa of the Austroasiatic family. Across northeastern and northwestern China, local ethnic groups speak Altaic languages including Manchu, Mongolian and several Turkic languages: Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Salar and Western Yugur. Korean is spoken natively along the border with North Korea. Sarikoli, the language of Tajiks in western Xinjiang, is an Indo-European language. Taiwanese aborigines, including a small population on the mainland, speak Austronesian languages.[498] Standard Mandarin, a variety of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect, is the official national language of China and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds.[499][500] Mongolian, Uyghur, Tibetan, Zhuang and various other languages are also regionally recognized throughout the country.[501] Urbanization See also: List of cities in China, List of cities in China by population, and Megalopolises in China Map of the ten largest cities in China (2010) China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 60% in 2019.[502][503][504] It is estimated that China's urban population will reach one billion by 2030, potentially equivalent to one-eighth of the world population.[503][504] China has over 160 cities with a population of over one million,[505] including the 17 megacities as of 2021[506][507] (cities with a population of over 10 million) of Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Xi'an, Suzhou, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Linyi, Shijiazhuang, Dongguan, Qingdao and Changsha.[508] Among them, the total permanent population of Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu is above 20 million.[509] Shanghai is China's most populous urban area[510][511] while Chongqing is its largest city proper, the only city in China with the largest permanent population of over 30 million.[512] By 2025, it is estimated that the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants.[503] The figures in the table below are from the 2017 census,[513] and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large "floating populations" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;[514] the figures below include only long-term residents.[citation needed] vte Largest cities or municipalities in the People's Republic of China China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2020 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population [515][note 1][note 2] Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop. Shanghai Shanghai Beijing Beijing 1 Shanghai SH 24,281,400 11 Hong Kong HK 7,448,900 Guangzhou Guangzhou Shenzhen Shenzhen 2 Beijing BJ 19,164,000 12 Zhengzhou HA 7,179,400 3 Guangzhou GD 13,858,700 13 Nanjing JS 6,823,500 4 Shenzhen GD 13,438,800 14 Xi'an SN 6,642,100 5 Tianjin TJ 11,744,400 15 Jinan SD 6,409,600 6 Chongqing CQ 11,488,000 16 Shenyang LN 5,900,000 7 Dongguan GD 9,752,500 17 Qingdao SD 5,501,400 8 Chengdu SC 8,875,600 18 Harbin HL 5,054,500 9 Wuhan HB 8,652,900 19 Hefei AH 4,750,100 10 Hangzhou ZJ 8,109,000 20 Changchun JL 4,730,900 Population of Hong Kong as of 2018 estimate.[516] The data of Chongqing in the list is the data of "Metropolitan Developed Economic Area", which contains two parts: "City Proper" and "Metropolitan Area". The "City proper" are consist of 9 districts: Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Beibei, Yubei, & Banan, has the urban population of 5,646,300 as of 2018. And the "Metropolitan Area" are consist of 12 districts: Fuling, Changshou, Jiangjin, Hechuan, Yongchuan, Nanchuan, Qijiang, Dazu, Bishan, Tongliang, Tongnan, & Rongchang, has the urban population of 5,841,700.[517] Total urban population of all 26 districts of Chongqing are up to 15,076,600. Education Main articles: Education in China, Higher education in China, and List of universities in China Beijing's Peking University, one of the top-ranked universities in China[518][519] Since 1986, compulsory education in China comprises primary and junior secondary school, which together last for nine years.[520] In 2021, about 91.4 percent of students continued their education at a three-year senior secondary school.[521] The Gaokao, China's national university entrance exam, is a prerequisite for entrance into most higher education institutions. In 2010, 24 percent of secondary school graduates were enrolled in higher education.[522] This number increased significantly over the last decades, reaching a tertiary school enrolment of 58.42 percent in 2020.[523] Vocational education is available to students at the secondary and tertiary level.[524] More than 10 million Chinese students graduated from vocational colleges nationwide every year.[525] China has the largest education system in the world, with about 282 million students and 17.32 million full-time teachers in over 530,000 schools.[526] In February 2006, the government pledged to provide completely free nine-year education, including textbooks and fees.[527] Annual education investment went from less than US$50 billion in 2003 to more than US$817 billion in 2020.[528][529] However, there remains an inequality in education spending. In 2010, the annual education expenditure per secondary school student in Beijing totalled ¥20,023, while in Guizhou, one of the poorest provinces in China, only totalled ¥3,204.[530] Free compulsory education in China consists of primary school and junior secondary school between the ages of 6 and 15. In 2020, the graduation enrollment ratio at compulsory education level reached 95.2 percent, exceeding average levels recorded in high-income countries,[526] and around 91.2% of Chinese have received secondary education.[524] China's literacy rate has grown dramatically, from only 20% in 1949 and 65.5% in 1979.[531] to 97% of the population over age 15 in 2018.[532] In the same year, China (Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang) was ranked the highest in the world in the Programme for International Student Assessment ranking for all three categories of Mathematics, Science and Reading.[533] As of 2021, China has over 3,000 universities, with over 44.3 million students enrolled in mainland China and 240 million Chinese citizens have received high education, making China the largest higher education system in the world.[534][535][536] As of 2021, China had the world's second-highest number of top universities (the highest in Asia & Oceania region).[537] Currently, China trails only the United States in terms of representation on lists of top 200 universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU).[538] China is home to the two of the highest ranking universities (Tsinghua University and Peking University) in Asia and emerging economies according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[539] As of 2022, two universities in Mainland China rank in the world's top 15, with Peking University (12th) and Tsinghua University (14th) and three other universities ranking in the world's top 50, namely Fudan, Zhejiang, and Shanghai Jiao Tong according to the QS World University Rankings.[540] These universities are members of the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education.[541] Health Main article: Health in China See also: Medicine in China, Pharmaceutical industry in China, and COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China Chart showing the rise of China's Human Development Index from 1970 to 2010 The National Health and Family Planning Commission, together with its counterparts in the local commissions, oversees the health needs of the Chinese population.[542] An emphasis on public health and preventive medicine has characterized Chinese health policy since the early 1950s. At that time, the Communist Party started the Patriotic Health Campaign, which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as treating and preventing several diseases. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and scarlet fever, which were previously rife in China, were nearly eradicated by the campaign.[citation needed] After Deng Xiaoping began instituting economic reforms in 1978, the health of the Chinese public improved rapidly because of better nutrition, although many of the free public health services provided in the countryside disappeared along with the People's Communes. Healthcare in China became mostly privatized, and experienced a significant rise in quality. In 2009, the government began a 3-year large-scale healthcare provision initiative worth US$124 billion.[543] By 2011, the campaign resulted in 95% of China's population having basic health insurance coverage.[544] In 2011, China was estimated to be the world's third-largest supplier of pharmaceuticals, but its population has suffered from the development and distribution of counterfeit medications.[545] As of 2017, the average life expectancy at birth in China is 76 years,[546] and the infant mortality rate is 7 per thousand.[547] Both have improved significantly since the 1950s.[ab] Rates of stunting, a condition caused by malnutrition, have declined from 33.1% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2010.[550] Despite significant improvements in health and the construction of advanced medical facilities, China has several emerging public health problems, such as respiratory illnesses caused by widespread air pollution,[551] hundreds of millions of cigarette smokers,[552] and an increase in obesity among urban youths.[553][554] China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the 2003 outbreak of SARS, although this has since been largely contained.[555] In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.[556] The COVID-19 pandemic was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019.[557][558] Further studies are being carried out around the world on a possible origin for the virus.[559][560] Beijing says it has been sharing Covid data in "a timely, open and transparent manner in accordance with the law."[561] According to U.S. officials, the Chinese government has been concealing the extent of the outbreak before it became an international pandemic.[562] Religion Main article: Religion in China Geographic distribution of religions in China:[563][564][565][566] ■Chinese folk religion (including Confucianism, Taoism, and groups of Chinese Buddhism) ■Buddhism tout court ■Islam ■Ethnic minorities' indigenous religions ■Mongolian folk religion ■Northeast China folk religion influenced by Tungus and Manchu shamanism; widespread Shanrendao The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism,[567] and has conducted antireligious campaigns to this end.[568] Religious affairs and issues in the country are overseen by the State Administration for Religious Affairs.[569] Freedom of religion is guaranteed by China's constitution, although religious organizations that lack official approval can be subject to state persecution.[288][570] Over the millennia, Chinese civilization has been influenced by various religious movements. The "three teachings", including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism (Chinese Buddhism), historically have a significant role in shaping Chinese culture,[571][572] enriching a theological and spiritual framework which harks back to the early Shang and Zhou dynasty. Chinese popular or folk religion, which is framed by the three teachings and other traditions,[573] consists in allegiance to the shen (神), a character that signifies the "energies of generation", who can be deities of the environment or ancestral principles of human groups, concepts of civility, culture heroes, many of whom feature in Chinese mythology and history.[574] Among the most popular cults are those of Mazu (goddess of the seas),[575] Huangdi (one of the two divine patriarchs of the Chinese race),[575][576] Guandi (god of war and business), Caishen (god of prosperity and richness), Pangu and many others. China is home to many of the world's tallest religious statues, including the tallest of all, the Spring Temple Buddha in Henan.[577] Clear data on religious affiliation in China is difficult to gather due to varying definitions of "religion" and the unorganized, diffusive nature of Chinese religious traditions. Scholars note that in China there is no clear boundary between three teachings religions and local folk religious practice.[571] A 2015 poll conducted by Gallup International found that 61% of Chinese people self-identified as "convinced atheist",[578] though it is worthwhile to note that Chinese religions or some of their strands are definable as non-theistic and humanistic religions, since they do not believe that divine creativity is completely transcendent, but it is inherent in the world and in particular in the human being.[579] According to a 2014 study, approximately 74% are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk belief, 16% are Buddhists, 2% are Christians, 1% are Muslims, and 8% adhere to other religions including Taoists and folk salvationism.[580][581] In addition to Han people's local religious practices, there are also various ethnic minority groups in China who maintain their traditional autochthone religions. The various folk religions today comprise 2–3% of the population, while Confucianism as a religious self-identification is common within the intellectual class. Significant faiths specifically connected to certain ethnic groups include Tibetan Buddhism and the Islamic religion of the Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and other peoples in Northwest China.[citation needed] The 2010 population census reported the total number of Muslims in the country as 23.14 million.[582] A 2021 poll from Ipsos and the Policy Institute at King's College London found that 35% of Chinese people said there was tension between different religious groups, which was the second lowest percentage of the 28 countries surveyed.[583][584] It's taken me over 31 years of research and testing to pinpoint the perfect dividend stock. But that's just because I have the highest standards of anyone when it comes to dividends. It's got to be [titan strong]( for me to even think about investing in it. 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