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[Full disclosures found here](   You are receiving our newsletter because you opted-in for it on one of our sister websites. Make sure you stay up to date with finance news by [whitelisting us](. Copyright © 2023 New Trading View.com All Rights Reserved[.]( 234 5th Ave, New York, NY 10001, United States [Privacy Policy]( l [Terms & Conditions]( Thinking about unsubscribing? We hope not! But, if you must, the link is below. [Unsubscribe]( Margaret Rhea Seddon (born November 8, 1947) is an American surgeon and retired NASA astronaut. After being selected as part of the first group of astronauts to include women in 1978, she flew on three Space Shuttle flights: as a mission specialist on STS-51-D and STS-40, and as a payload commander for STS-58, accumulating over 722 hours in space. On these flights, she built repair tools for a US Navy satellite and performed medical experiments. A graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Seddon was awarded her doctor of medicine (MD) degree in 1973. During her residency with the University of Tennessee hospitals, she was the only woman in the General Surgery Residency Program. Before, during, and after her career in the astronaut program, she was active in emergency departments in Tennessee, Mississippi and Texas. Seddon became an astronaut in August 1979 after selection as a candidate the year prior. At NASA her development work included the Space Shuttle Orbiter and payload software, the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory, the Flight Data File, the Space Shuttle medical kit and checklists for launch and landing. She was a rescue helicopter physician for the early Space Shuttle flights and a support crew member for STS-6. She served as a member of NASA's Aerospace Medical Advisory Committee, bill a Technical Assistant to the Director of Flight Crew Operations, and as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center. In 1996 she was detailed by NASA to Vanderbilt University Medical School in Nashville, Tennessee, where she assisted in the preparation of cardiovascular experiments that flew on the STS-90 Neurolab Spacelab flight in April 1998. She retired from NASA in November 1997 and became Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group. Early life and education Margaret Rhea Seddon was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on November 8, 1947,[1] the first child of Edward C. Seddon,[2] a lawyer, and his wife Clayton Ransom née Dann. She had a younger sister, Louise. Seddon was named after her maternal grandmother,[3] and known by her middle name, Rhea, which is pronounced "ray".[4] She grew up in Murfreesboro, where she attended St. Rose of Lima Catholic School. The nuns at St. Rose did not teach science until the Sputnik crisis made it a national priority. A science teacher was then recruited, and Seddon began studying science in the seventh grade. In 1960 she wrote a school report on what would happen to people who ventured into space.[5] She attended Central High School in Murfreesboro,[6] where she was a cheerleader.[3] She graduated in 1965.[6] A friend of the family, Lois Kennedy, was a physician—Seddon worked in her office one summer—and inspired her to pursue a career in medicine. Another friend of the family, Florence Ridley, a professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles, recommended some universities in California with good life sciences programs.[7] Seddon entered the University of California, Berkeley, where she joined the Sigma Kappa sorority.[8][9] Her father had been on the board of directors of Rutherford County Hospital, which was opening a new coronary care unit in the summer after her freshman year, and he arranged for Seddon to spend her summer there as an aide. However, the new center's opening was delayed, and she spent the summer working in the surgical unit, where she decided to become a surgeon.[7] She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in physiology in 1970.[2] During her senior year at Berkeley, Seddon was accepted by the University of Tennessee College of Medicine. When she matriculated in 1970, there were only six women in the class of more than one hundred medical students.[10] She was awarded her Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree in 1973.[2] Her father paid for flying lessons as a graduation gift.[11] Seddon did her one-year internship at the Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis.[12] Women were not permitted in the surgery doctors' lounge there, so she had to wait between cases on a folding chair in the nurses' bathroom.[11] She then did three years of residency at the University of Tennessee hospitals in Memphis, where she was the only woman in the General Surgery Residency Program.[12] She worked in emergency departments at several hospitals in Mississippi and Tennessee, despite this being against the rules of the residency program.[13] NASA career Portrait from 1978 Selection Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 8 On July 8, 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) issued a call for applications for pilot and mission specialist candidates. It was the first time that women were encouraged to apply.[14] A colleague, Russ Greer, a neurosurgery resident who had worked at NASA and was aware that Seddon had expressed an interest in becoming an astronaut, informed Seddon of the selection process that was underway, and she decided to apply. She wrote to NASA and was sent an application form. She found that at 62 inches (157 cm) in height, she was just tall enough to meet the minimum height requirement of 60 inches (152 cm) for mission specialists. The application required three references, and she chose three people who had most strongly influenced her to that point: James Pate, the head of surgery at the hospital; Jose Guma, her flying instructor; and Jim Arnhart, the administrator of Rutherford Hospital.[15] From 8,079 applicants, NASA identified 208 for further screening, conducted in groups of about twenty. Seddon was contacted by Jay F. Honeycutt from NASA and was asked to come to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) for a week of interviews and physical examinations, beginning August 29, 1977. Her group of twenty applicants was the first one that included women. Among the eight women in the group were Anna Sims, Shannon Lucid, Nitza Cintron, and Millie Hughes-Wiley.[16] Afterwards, she returned to the Memphis Veterans Administration Hospital, where she commenced a residency in plastic surgery. She soon changed course again after she developed a particular interest in the nutrition of surgery patients. In January 1978 journalist Jules Bergman asked if he could interview her on Good Morning America, and he revealed that she had been selected for astronaut training; Seddon received official word from George Abbey, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations on January 16.[17] The names of the 35 successful candidates in NASA Astronaut Group 8 were publicly released later that day.[2] Training Practicing CPR during a Zero G training flight New selections were considered astronaut candidates rather than full-fledged astronauts until they finished their training and evaluation, which was expected to take two years.[14] Group 8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "the fucking new guy", used to denote newcomers to a military unit.[18] Pilot training was not required of mission specialist candidates, but they were given training in how to handle emergencies while flying in the back seat of NASA's Northrop T-38 Talon jets.[19] Seddon had a private pilot license, and logged time spent in the T-38 as co-pilot time. Due to her small size and the ill-fitting parachute harness she had to wear, she had trouble climbing into the aircraft.[20] A particularly difficult part of the curriculum for Seddon was SCUBA training, which was conducted in the pool at the Clear Lake Recreational Center. She was not a strong swimmer, and it took practice and exercise to develop proficiency. SCUBA training was a prerequisite for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) training, but Seddon was never considered for this because NASA did not produce space suits in her small size.[21] She was sent to the 1979 Paris Air Show to represent NASA along with Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton. The two of them drew crowds of people who wanted to see a famous astronaut or were curious about what a woman astronaut was like.[22] As an astronaut candidate, Seddon drew a civil service salary of about US$22,000 (equivalent to $91,000 in 2021), which was more than she made as a surgical resident. Nonetheless, when she went to buy a town house she was told that her income was $3,000 short of what was required, even with her father putting up the deposit. United Savings and Loan refused to lend her the money without her father's co-signature. She also bought a new Chevrolet Corvette. She figured that her astronaut job took up only fifty to sixty hours a week, which left time to practice medicine. This required six months to obtain a Texas medical license and secure permission from NASA Headquarters, and another loan from her father to cover the license fee and malpractice insurance. After several months serving in emergency rooms of various hospitals, she met Diana Fire, a physician who worked at Sam Houston Memorial Hospital, and accepted an offer to work in the emergency room there on weekends. Seddon worked there until it closed twelve years later, then moved to Spring Branch Hospital, where she remained until she left Houston.[23] Seddon and Gibson with newborn baby Paul Seddon officially became an astronaut in August 1979, after NASA decided that one year of training was sufficient.[24][25] As with earlier astronaut groups, each astronaut candidate was assigned a particular specialization; Seddon's assignment was the Space Shuttle food system and the orbital medical kit.[26] For STS-1, the first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the inaugural flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia, Abbey decided that the five MDs of the 1978 and 1980 astronaut groups – Norman Thagard, Anna Fisher and Seddon from the 1978 group, and Bill Fisher and Jim Bagian from the 1980 group – would be assigned to the search and rescue helicopters supporting the flight. These would be required if the Space Shuttle crashed or the astronauts had to eject.[27] Seddon was placed in charge of the group, and as such could choose her own assignment. She therefore decided to join the group at Cape Canaveral. In the event, the mission went well, and search and rescue was not required.[28] In February 1981 Seddon became engaged to fellow astronaut Robert L. "Hoot" Gibson. They were married on May 30 in a ceremony at the First United Methodist Church in Murfreesboro, followed by a reception at the Stones River Country Club. A second reception was held in Houston, followed by a honeymoon in Hawaii. Seddon (who retained her maiden name) then resumed her role with search and rescue in preparation for the upcoming STS-2 mission. She also worked in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory, where the Space Shuttle's software was tested.[29][30] Seddon's first child was born in July 1982, and was named Paul Seddon Gibson after Gibson's father. Gibson already had one child, a daughter called Julie, from his first marriage. While many astronauts had children, this was the first child born to an astronaut couple. The baby suffered from a serious condition arising from inhaling meconium, and was rushed by helicopter from Clear Lake Hospital to Houston's Hermann Hospital, where he soon responded to treatment.[31][32] Space flights Seddon builds a homemade repair tool during the STS-51-D mission in 1985 In August 1983 Abbey offered Seddon a flight assignment on STS-41-E, which she accepted.[33] Had the mission been flown as planned in August 1984, she would have become the third American woman to fly in space, but the mission, which was renumbered STS-41-F,[34][35] was delayed and then canceled.[36] The crew were kept together and assigned to STS-51-E, but it too was delayed and canceled. Finally, they were assigned to STS-51-D. With each change of mission came different payloads requiring different training.[37] The mission was scheduled to lift off on March 19, 1985, but suffered a series of delays. STS-51-D lifted in the Discovery from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on April 12, 1985. The crew deployed the ANIK-C satellite for Telesat of Canada, and Syncom IV-3 for the US Navy. A malfunction in the Syncom spacecraft resulted in the first unscheduled spacewalk, rendezvous and proximity operations for the Space Shuttle in an attempt to activate the satellite using the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). Seddon used her surgical skills to operate a bone saw to help build homemade repair tools for the satellite.[38] She was able to manually engage the start lever with the RMS, but the launch sequence did not commence, and the satellite was left in low Earth orbit. On this mission she logged 168 hours in 109 Earth orbits.[39] After the flight she presented a banner she had flown with to Central Middle School (as Central High School now was), and met President Ronald Reagan at the Oval Office in Washington, DC.[40] The Syncom IV-3 satellite was retrieved, repaired and launched into a geostationary orbit by the STS-51-I mission in August 1985.[41][42] Even before the STS-51-D mission was flown, Abbey offered Seddon a chance to fly on the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-1) mission, which was scheduled to lift off aboard the Columbia in late January 1986. She accepted, but had doubts about whether she could be ready in time with all her work and home commitments. As it turned out, there was ample time because it was delayed due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[43] While she waited for her Spacelab Life Sciences mission to be scheduled, she sought out a refresher program in emergency medicine. Such programs were uncommon at the time, but she found one at Denver General Hospital. The course cost several thousand dollars, which she could not afford, but she wrote to Vincent Markovchik, the head of the program, and he agreed to waive the fee.[44] In 1988 Abbey offered her the chance of another flight in the meantime, but Seddon declined, as she was hoping to have another child, and felt that the SLS-1 mission needed someone to watch over it, even if its launch was years in the future.[45] Seddon also began to think about acquiring some managerial experience, and went to see Carolyn Huntoon, the head of the Space and Life Sciences Directorate at JSC, about a secondment to her area. Huntoon agreed to take Seddon on as an assistant in the spring of 1988. However, while Abbey was Director of Flight Operations, he had an astronaut technical assistant, known in the NASA Astronaut Corps as the "Bubba". The main job of the technical assistant was acting as Abbey's personal pilot, but the technical assistant also did many odd jobs on Abbey's behalf. When Don Puddy succeeded Abbey, he considered abolishing the position, but in May 1988 Seddon was unexpectedly given the job. Under Puddy, the job no longer entailed being a personal pilot and driver, but Seddon still worked on a variety of tasks. These included preparations for the STS-26 "Return to Flight" mission, and developing policies in cooperation in Space and Life Sciences Directorate. She helped establish criteria for access to astronauts' psychiatric records, procedures for clearing astronauts as medically fit to fly, and processes for using astronauts for medical experiments.[46] She left the position when she had her second child, Edward Dann Gibson (named after her father), who was born in March 1989.[47] Seddon on the STS-40 mission When Seddon returned from maternity leave in July 1989, the launch of SLS-1 had been added to the flight schedule as STS-40, with a launch date of May 1990. By this time the crew had been training a few hours per month since January 1986, and the payload had been changed several times. It was so overbooked with experiments that the mission was split into two: SLS-1 and SLS-2. One crew member, Bob Phillips, was grounded with a minor medical condition and was replaced by Millie Hughes-Fulford. Hopes that training could now proceed uninterrupted were soon dashed; Seddon was called upon to participate in the selection of NASA Astronaut Group 13 (who became known as the "Hairballs"). And the schedule continued to slip.[48][49] The STS-40 SLS-1 mission finally lifted off from the KSC in the Space Shuttle Columbia on June 5, 1991. During the nine-day mission the crew performed experiments which explored how humans, animals and cells respond to microgravity and re-adapt to Earth's gravity on return. Other experiments were designed to investigate materials science, plant biology and cosmic radiation, and tests of hardware proposed for the Space Station Freedom Health Maintenance Facility. The mission completed 146 orbits of the Earth, and Seddon logged an additional 218 hours in space.[1][50] From September 1991 to July 1992, Seddon was a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center, handling the STS-42 and STS-45 missions.[51][52] She expressed a desire to Chief Astronaut Dan Brandenstein to participate in SLS-2, the follow-up mission to SLS-1. This was readily accommodated, as life sciences missions were not popular assignments among astronauts.[53][54] In October 1991 she was designated the payload commander for the STS-58 / SLS-2 mission.[55][56] This was a new position created to provide a single point of contact for the science crew.[57] During training for the mission, she broke four bones in her foot while sliding down a Space Shuttle escape slide during a practice for an emergency evacuation. This was diagnosed as a Lisfranc fracture. Surgery was required to insert screws to realign the bones, and she had to spend six weeks in a cast and another six in a walking boot. This did not leave much time before the launch date, but there was no move to replace her, and the flight was delayed a few months for other reasons.[58][59] Seddon spins the Spacelab Life Sciences rotating chair as Martin Fettman serves as a test subject on the STS-58 mission SLS-2 involved animal testing, with mice being dissected in space. At this time NASA management began to feel pressure from animal rights groups, and NASA Administrator Dan Goldin asked for a report on the animal experiments. Seddon and payload specialist Martin J. Fettman prepared a report on how the research could be conducted without killing animals, which amounted to removing body parts without killing them. Seddon and Fettman felt that this was unethical. NASA management ordered the Director of Flight Crew Operations, David Leestma, to modify the experiments to harvest organs without killing the test animals. Leestma ignored this and took no action, so the mission was flown as originally planned.[60][61][62] STS-58 with SLS-2 lifted off in the Space Shuttle Columbia on October 18, 1993. During the fourteen-day flight the seven-person crew performed neurovestibular, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, metabolic and musculoskeletal medical experiments on themselves and 48 rats, studying human and animal physiology both on Earth and in space flight. In addition, the crew performed ten engineering tests aboard the Orbiter Columbia and nine Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project experiments. The mission was accomplished in 225 orbits of the Earth in over 336 hours.[1][63][64][65] Delivering a lecture in 2015 In June 1995 Seddon had her third child, a daughter she named Emilee Louise after her sister, who had died the year before.[66] Seddon became the Assistant to the Director of Flight Crew Operations for Shuttle/Mir Payloads, a new position, which involved travel to Russia.[1][67] In September 1996 she was detailed by NASA to Vanderbilt University Medical School in Nashville, Tennessee, as assistant Chief Medical Officer, where she assisted in its organization and structuring. She also assisted in the preparation of cardiovascular experiments that flew aboard Columbia on the STS-90 Neurolab Spacelab flight in April 1998.[1][68] Later life Seddon retired from NASA in November 1997,[1] and for the next eleven years she was the assistant Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group in Nashville, Tennessee.[1][69] She had begun writing her memoirs in December 1993, but set the project aside in June 1996. In 2008 she enrolled in a creative writing program at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro. She afterwards completed her memoirs; the book, entitled Go For Orbit, was published in 2015[70] and won the Independent Book Publishers Association Ben Franklin Gold Award for Best Autobiography/Memoir.[71] Awards and honors Seddon's awards from NASA included the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1985, 1991 and 1993; the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1988 and 1992, and the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal in 1994.[72] She was inducted into the Tennessee Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005,[73] and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame and Tennessee Women's Hall of Fame in 2015.[74][75][76] In 2017 she was named as one of the University of Tennessee Centennial Top 100 Alumni and was a co-recipient of the Great American leadership award along with Gibson.[77][78] On 6 February 2023, two powerful earthquakes struck southern and central Turkey. The first occurred west of the city of Gaziantep at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), causing widespread damage in Turkey and Syria. With a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and a magnitude of Mww 7.8, the first earthquake is tied with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake as the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake to hit Turkey, however the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake may have been more powerful.[1][2] It is also the most devastating earthquake to strike the country since the 1999 Izmit earthquake.[3] The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 6.7 Mw. The second earthquake occurred 9 hours later in the city of Kahramanmaraş at 13:24 TRT (10:24 UTC), also having a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX and a magnitude of Mww 7.5. As a result of the earthquakes, over 2,200 people were killed and over 10,500 were injured.[4] Tectonic setting Geology Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the East Anatolian Fault. The preliminary location of the earthquake places it within the vicinity of a triple-junction between the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates. The mechanism and location of the earthquake are consistent with the earthquake having occurred on either the East Anatolian Fault zone or the Dead Sea Transform Fault Zone. The East Anatolian Fault accommodates the westward extrusion of Turkey into the Aegean Sea, while the Dead Sea Transform accommodates the northward motion of the Arabia peninsula relative to the Africa and Eurasia plates.[5] The East Anatolian Fault is a 700 km (430 mi)-long sinistral transform fault which forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The fault display slip rates that decrease from the east at 10 mm (0.39 in) per year to the west where it is 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) per year. The fault produced large earthquakes in 1789 (Mw  7.2), 1795 (Mw  7.0), 1872 (Mw  7.2), 1874 (Mw  7.1), 1875 (Mw  6.7), 1893 (Mw  7.1) and 2020 (Mw  6.8). These earthquakes ruptured individual segments of the fault. The seismically active Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes.[6] Seismicity The region where the 6 February earthquake occurred is relatively quiet seismologically. Only three earthquakes of magnitude 6 or larger have occurred within 250 km (160 mi) of the 6 February earthquake since 1970. The largest of these, a magnitude 6.7, occurred northeast of the 6 February earthquake on 24 January 2020. All of these earthquakes occurred along or in the vicinity of the East Anatolia fault. Despite the relative seismic quiescence of the epicentral area of the 6 February, southern Turkey and northern Syria have experienced significant and damaging earthquakes in the past. Aleppo, in Syria, was devastated several times historically by large earthquakes, though the precise locations and magnitudes of these earthquakes can only be estimated. Aleppo was struck by an estimated magnitude 7.1 earthquake in 1138 and an estimated magnitude 7.0 earthquake in 1822. Fatality estimates of the 1822 earthquake were 20,000–60,000.[5] Earthquakes Seismogram of the Mww 7.8 earthquake The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measured the first earthquake at moment magnitude 7.8 (Mww), striking at 01:17 UTC. It had an epicenter west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which is near the border with Syria. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to shallow strike-slip faulting.[5] Rupture occurred on either a northwest–southeast striking, northeast dipping or northwest–southeast striking, northwest dipping fault.[7] The USGS estimated a rupture dimension of ~190 km (120 mi) long and ~25 km (16 mi) wide.[5] It is the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equaling the 1939 Erzincan earthquake.[8] A second earthquake measuring Mww  7.5 struck at 10:24 UTC with an epicenter 4 km (2.5 mi) south–southeast of Ekinözü. It ruptured along an east–west striking, north dipping or north–south striking, east dipping strike-slip fault.[9] The USGS said the earthquake may have ruptured a separate fault with dimensions of ~120 km (75 mi) long and ~18 km (11 mi) wide.[10] Aftershocks The earthquake had an aftershock measuring Mww  6.7 which occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock.[11] A Mww  7.5 earthquake struck the same area 9 hours later.[10] There were 25 aftershocks Mw 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. Turkey Destruction of the Galeria Business Center in Diyarbakır. In total, around 2,818 buildings collapsed in ten provinces across Turkey.[46] Many buildings were destroyed in Adıyaman and Diyarbakır.[47] In Diyarbakır, a shopping mall collapsed.[48] The governor of Osmaniye said 34 buildings in the province had collapsed.[49] About 130 building collapses also occurred in Malatya.[50] A well-known 13th century mosque in the province partially collapsed.[51] The ancient Gaziantep Castle was seriously damaged.[52] Fires broke out all over the region.[53] In Adana, two apartment buildings, one of them 17-stories, collapsed, killing at least ten people.[54] In Hatay Province, the runway of Hatay Airport was split and uplifted.[55] Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed,[56] and a gas pipeline exploded.[57] Syria The opposition Syrian Civil Defense called the situation in the northwest part of the country "disastrous". Many buildings collapsed and people were trapped. Collapses occurred in the cities of Aleppo, Latakia, and Hama. In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[58] Many buildings in Syria had already been damaged by an almost 12-year-long civil war.[59] The Crusader-built castle Margat suffered damage, with part of a tower and parts of some walls collapsing.[58] The Citadel of Aleppo was also affected.[60] Other countries In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep. Buildings in the country shook for up to 40 seconds. In Beirut, residents fled their homes and stayed in streets or drove in their vehicles to flee from buildings. Overall, damage in Lebanon was limited, with some buildings affected in the cities of El Minniyeh, El Minya, and Bourj Hammoud.[58][61][62] No casualties have however been reported so far. The earthquake was also felt as far as Cyprus.[63] The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Greece, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Egypt, and Romania.[64][65] In Iraq and the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan many residents stayed outdoors while waiting for an announcement that it was safe to return to their homes. An aftershock hit hours later, causing buildings to be evacuated and no deaths or injuries have been reported.[66] Estimation of losses According to a professor of geophysics at the Kandilli Observatory, the death toll could be similar to the 1999 Ä°zmit earthquake, in which 18,373 people died.[67] The United States Geological Survey PAGER service estimated a 35 percent probability of economical losses between US $1 billion and US $10 billion. The service estimated a 34 percent probability of deaths between 100 and 1,000; 31 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000.[68] Meanwhile, Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 5,200 and 48,500, and an economic loss of around $20 billion USD.[69] Casualties In Turkey, at least 1,498 people across 10 provinces[70] died and an additional 5,385 were injured.[71][72][66][73][74][75] Some people who were trapped under rubble live streamed their pleas for help on social media.[76] Prior to the magnitude 7.5 earthquake hitting Kahramanmaras, at least 70 deaths were confirmed in the city.[77] The Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reported that 2,818 buildings had collapsed.[78] At least 783 people were killed and over 2,000 were injured in Syria.[77][79] The Syrian Ministry of Health recorded 371 earthquake-related deaths and 1,089 injuries in government-held areas; including in the provinces of Aleppo, Latakia, Hama and Tartus.[80] More than 200 died in the cities of Aleppo, Hama and Latakia.[81][82] In rebel-held areas, 221 people died and 419 others were injured,[80] according to the Syrian Civil Defense.[79] In the village of Atmed, 11 people died and many residents were buried.[50] The President of the Syrian American Medical Society, Amjad Rass, said emergency rooms were packed with injured.[83] In Idlib Governorate, a hospital received 30 bodies.[84] A further 1,089 were injured in government-controlled areas, while in rebel-controlled areas the number of injured stood at 419.[79][85] Tsunami alert Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, Cyprus, without damage, according to the Geological Survey Department.[86] The Civil Protection Department of Italy issued an alert, which was later withdrawn, reporting the risk of possible tsunami waves striking the coasts of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia.[87][88][89] Coastal residents in the aforementioned regions were advised to flee to higher ground and follow local authorities,[87][88] while state-owned train operator Trenitalia temporarily suspended rail services in the areas, which were later resumed the same morning.[88][89] Response Turkey The wreckage of a collapsed building, Diyarbakır, Turkey. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Twitter "search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched" to the affected area. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[90] The national government declared a "level four alert" to appeal for international aid.[66] According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, a total of 9,698 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the area. An "air aid corridor" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M aircraft transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent.[91] In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.[92][93] Emergency services in Turkey rushed to search for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. At least 2,470 people were rescued from rubble.[71] In Adana, people could be heard shouting from under debris. Cranes and emergency teams in Diyarbakir attended to a pancaked apartment building.[82] The Turkish Armed Forces established an air corridor to allow search and rescue teams to reach disaster zones as quickly as possible.[94] Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperations disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors.[95] Syria The opposition Syrian Civil Defence described the situation as "disastrous" and urged residents to leave buildings and stay in the open. The organization declared an unofficial state of emergency.[81] Syrian media reported a large number of buildings collapsing in the northern Aleppo Governorate, as well as several in the city of Hama. In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[90][96] The National Earthquake Centre said the earthquake is "the biggest earthquake recorded" in its operational history.[51] According to SANA, the state news agency, President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan in the most hit regions.[97] International [New Trading View Logo](