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[Gеt аll the details hеre ]( "The Buck Stops Нere," [dylan signature] Logotype We are serіous about being your “eyes and ears” for special opportunities for уou to take advantage of. The message above from one of our partners is one we think you should take a close look at. [Logotype]( This email was sent by D/B/A M&MWatchdog. © 2023 M&MWatchdog. Аll Rights Reserved. 1151 Walker Rd, Dover, DE 19904 Follow This Steps To [whitelist us.]( Thinking about unsubscribing? Just tap the link is below. [Privacy Policy]( | [Update Profile]( | [Tеrms & Conditions]( | [Unsubscrіbe]( odorus is a genus of silesaurid dinosauromorph (meber of a clade that includes the dinosaurs) that lived during the Late Triassic in what is no is ancient Greek for 'leathery arm' and also honors the mythographer Dionysius Scytobrachion. The holotype specimen is a partial dentary bone (front of the lower jaw), and assigned specimens include isolated teeth, two humeri (upper arm bones), a metatarsal (foot bone), and femur (thigh bone). Diodorus is estimated to have been around 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long, and features thought to be shared by most silesaurs include a beak-like front of the lower jaw, leaf-shaped teeth, long limbs, and a quadrupedal posture. Diodorus differs from other silesaurids in having forward-tilted teeth that decrease in size towards the front of the jaw, and in having a distinct ridge on the side of the jaw running parallel to the tooth socket margin. The Meckelian groove is distinct in that it expands in height towards the back, and the dentary is distinguished by being bowed at the underside. The femur measures 92 mm (3.6 in) in length and the femoral head has a rather straight front edge instead of rounded like in most other archosaurs. As in other silesaurids, but unlike ll other archosaurs, there is a distinct notch below the femur's head. Within the clade Silesauridae, Diodorus has been grouped in Sulcimentisauria. Silesauridae is generally considered a sister group of the dinosaurs within the wider group Dinosauromorpha; some subsequent studies have suggested it was either a group of ornithischian dinosaurs or a paraphyletic (unnatural) group, consisting of basal (early diverging) ornithischians instead of being a sister group to al of Dinosauria. Although most silesaurids are inferred to have been herbivorous based on the shape of their teeth, coprolites (fossil dung) assigned to Silesaurus contain beetles, which shows they were not strictly plant-eaters. Their long forelimbs and short hindlimbs indicate they were quadrupedal, but they could probably also run bipedally. The Timezgadiouine Formation is probably late Carnian in age, dating to about 230 milion years ago, which would make Diodorus one of the few silesaurids known from this time. Discovery Silhouette of an animal showing the known bones Diagram showing known remains; blue is the holotype dentary, green an assigned metatarsal, orange an assigned humerus, and red an assigned femur The first fossils of this taxon were discovered by a team from Harvard University in the northeastern Argana Basin, 2.9 km (1.8 mi) east of Imziln, Morocco, with support from the National Geographic Society and permission from the Moroccan Ministry of Energy and Mines. The remains were found in a quarry at the Irohalene Mudstone Meber of the Timezgadiouine Formation, as part of a layer of disarticulated specimens that included fossils of phytosaurs, prolacertiforms, fish, and temnospondyls.[1] In 2012, the paleontologists Christian F. Kammerer, Sterling J. Nesbitt, and Neil H. Shubin scientifically described the remains, and identified them as representing the first skeletal fossil record of the group Silesauridae from North Africa. Based on these fossils, they named the n refers to Diodorus, a mythological king of the Berber people and son of Sufax, the founder of Tangier, and also honors Diodorus Siculus, a 1st-century Greek historian who wrote about North Africa. The specific nme is ancient Greek for 'leathery arm', in reference to the possible integument (external tissue) of the animal, and also honors Dionysius Scytobrachion, a classical mythographer who chronicled the mythical history of North Africa.[1] The very delicate holotype specimen is the front part of a right dentary bone (the tooth-bearing front part of the lower jaw) missing the front tip and preserving six tooth sockets with four teeth (three with tooth crowns), and is cataloged as specimen MHNM−ARG 30 at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech. Assigned specimens include the much better preserved isolated teeth MHNM−ARG 31, 32, and 33, the two humeri (upper arm bones) MHNM−ARG 34 and 35, the metatarsal (a foot bone) MHNM−ARG 36, and the femur (thigh bone) MHNM−ARG 37, which is crushed from front to back. Although these elements were not found associated with each other, and probably represent different individuals, the describers assigned them al to Diodorus based on comparison with the holotype (in the case of the isolated teeth), or on the silesaurid or dinosauriform features of the bones. The latter was based on the assumption that there would nly be one silesaurid present in this memer of the Timezgadiouine Formation, as is probably the case for other localities where silesaurids are known, according to the describers.[1] Description Silhouette of a hman and a smaller, quadrupedal animal Estimated size Diodorus is estimated to have been around 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long,[2] and has been described as being a "small" silesaurid.[1] Features thought to be shared by most silesaurs include a beak-like front of the lower jaw, leaf-shaped (or folidont) teeth, long limbs, and a quadrupedal posture.[3][4] Small-bodied, ancestral ornithodirans (the group that includes dinosauromophs and pterosaurs) may have had filamentous (fuzzy) integument covering their bodies to retain heat.[5][6] Lower jaw The holotype dentary bone of the lower jaw has a distinct lateral ridge slightly above mid-height on its outer surface. It is well-developed at the hind end of the bone fragment, at the level of the sixth tooth position, and weakens frontwards until it disappears under the second tooth position. This ridge, running parallel to the tooth socket margin, is ony known from Diodorus among silesaurids, and is therefore considered an autapomorphy (a distinguishing or diagnstic feature) of this genus. There is a row of nutrient foramina (which allowed blood to supply the bone with nutrients) between the tooth socket margin of the dentary and the ridge on the side. As in ll silesaurids except Asilisaurus, the Meckelian groove is placed on the lower edge of the dentary's inner surface, and this groove is relatively tall compared to the very narrow grooves of Sacisaurus and Silesaurus. The Meckelian groove does not extend in front of the second tooth position, unlike in Sacisaurus and Silesaurus where the groove extends frontwards through the dentary symphysis (where the two halves of the lower jaw connect). The Meckelian groove differs from that of other silesaurids in that it expands in height towards the back, and reaches 40of the dentary's height by the fourth tooth position. The dentary is distinct in being bowed at the underside.[1] Illustration of a quadrupedal, part furry and scaly animal Lie restoration showing Diodorus in quadrupedal pose and with hypothetical fuzzy integument The roots of the four preserved teeth are firmly fused to their sockets (the ankylothecodont condition), like in ll silesaurids except possibly Lewisuchus and in non-archosauriform archosauromorphs, but unlike other members of Archosauria. The three preserved tooth crowns are triangular with denticles (serrations) on the front and back edges, as in al silesaurids except Lewisuchus and Asilisaurus, narrow, and tilted (or canted) forwards. The forwards tilt of ll the frontmost teeth (at an angle of about 20 degrees from the root) is a distinct feature of Diodorus, but the frontmost tooth of Sacisaurus has a similar angle. The three crowns decrease in size towards the front of the dentary (the crown height of the first tooth is about 66 of the second tooth, which is about 60 of the fourth tooth), as is also the case for Sacisaurus. The assigned isolated teeth are very similar to the fourth tooth of the holotype, but more bulbous at their bases and larger overall, which indicates they were either from farther back in the jaw or from a larger individual. The teeth of Diodorus have 4–5 denticles per 5 mm (0.2 in), which is coarser than the 6–7 denticles per 5 mm of Silesaurus, are proportionally broader and lack longitudinal striations. The tooth crowns are generally similar in proportions to those of Technosaurus and Sacisaurus, but can be distinguished from the former in lacking an accessory cusp, and from the latter in lacking a cingulum, and in that the crown base is more abruptly expanded and spade-shaped.[1] Limb bones The humerus of Diodorus was elongated and rather featureless apart from the distinct ectepicondyle and entepicondyle (the projections on each side of the condyle of the humerus) that are separated by a prominent furrow at the lower side. The shaft of the humerus is very straight, and the long sides of the upper and lower ends are in the same plane when viewed from above and below. The head of the humerus is weakly developed and asymmetrical, with the inward portion expanding. The upper and lower ends of the humerus are weakly expanded in relation to the shaft, similar to Silesaurus among archosaurs on the line leading to birds. The deltopectoral crest extends one third of the humerus' length, but its top is located at the upper tip of the humerus similar to Silesaurus, and unlike the condition in dinosaurs, where the top of the crest is about 30down the shaft.[1] Photos of a long, curved leg-bone in multiple views Left femur (right) in multiple views The single known femur assigned to Diodorus measures 92 mm (3.6 in) in length.[7] The head of the femur is triangular when seen from above, with a rather straight front edge as in Sacisaurus and Silesaurus, instead of rounded like in most other archosaurs. As in other silesaurids, but unlike ll other archosaurs, there is a distinct notch below the femur's head. A straight groove runs across the upper surface of the femur's head. The anterior trochanter is small and projects upwards, and there is a distinct, blade-shaped dorsolateral trochanter next to it. A "finger-shaped" anterior trochanter, the lack of a trochanteric shelf, and a blade-like dorsolateral trochanter are also seen in Sacisaurus and Silesaurus. The fourth trochanter of Diodorus is in a position similar to Silesaurus and further up the femur than in Sacisaurus, though less developed than in either, is crescent-shaped, and has a sharp rim.[1] The lower end of the femur is oly slightly more expanded than the rest of the shaft, and the lower surface has a rounded depression. The crista tibiofibularis (a crest on the femur) and the medial and lateral condyles (rounded parts of the lower end of the femur) are rounded on their backsides, and the side of the lateral condyle is rounded like in other dinosauriforms. The ridges that extend upwards from the crista tibiofibularis and the medial condyle extend for more than one quarter of the femur's shaft, like in Sacisaurus, Silesaurus, and Asilisaurus. The oly known metatarsal is elongated as in Silesaurus and has a robust rim for attachment of extensor muscles. It is unclear which digit it belonged to, but it was possibly the third, based on its rectangular profile when viewed from the lower end, and its symmetry from side to side.[1] Classification Photos of a straight limb-bone in multiple views Assigned right humerus (A) and metatarsal (B) The reptile group Archosauria had diverged into two lineages by the Middle Triassic, the crocodilian line Pseudosuchia, and the line leading to birds, Ornithodira, which includes the group Dinosauromorpha. Ony fragmentary specimens of non−dinosaurian dinosauromorphs (basal or early diverging members of the clade that includes dinosaurs) from Argentina were recognized until the 21st century, when their larger taxonomic diversity, and geographic and stratigraphic range was realized. A previously unknown group was first recognized upon the discovery of Silesaurus from Poland, and features similar to this animal were later identified in nr of Silesauridae, and deeply nested within this group in a clade with Sacisaurus and Silesaurus, with the former as a sister taxon. Diodorus and Sacisaurus share the frontwards decrease in dentary tooth size and the frontmost tooth being tilted forwards. The Meckelian groove of Sacisaurus extends to the front of the dentary through its beak-like tip, but that of Diodorus does not even reach the front of the toothed part of the dentary, which the describers considered an evolutionary reversal. They stated that the discovery of a silesaurid in Morocco demonstrates that the group continued to be present in Africa during the late Triassic (the earliest known African silesaurid at that point was Asilisaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Tanzania). Although fossilized footprints had earlier indicated the presence of dinosauromorphs in the Timezgadiouine Formation, Diodorus is the first definitive silesaurid record, which supports the idea that this group had a cosmopolitan distribution in the Middle−to−Late Triassic. They suggested that basal dinosauromorphs were widespread, temporally long-ranging, and common rather than rare and restricted in time and space in Triassic fossil assemblages. They speculated that this pattern had oly been recently recognized due to specimens being misidentified as true dinosaurs and the rather low potential of these small-bodied, delicate animals being preserved.[1][9] Skull diagram with color-coded individual bones Skull diagram of the related Asilisaurus In 2014, the paleontologists Max C. Langer and Jorge Ferigolo fully described the anatomy of Sacisaurus and reanalyzed earlier phylogenetic studies of silesaurids. They found Diodorus and Sacisaurus to be sister taxa but, along with Silesaurus itself, to be the ony unambiguous members of Silesauridae. Most earlier studies had found them to be dinosauromorphs outside Dinosauria itself, but these researchers did not find it unlikely that silesaurids belonged within Dinosauria, as a basal branch of Ornithischia. This scenario had been suggested earlier by other researchers but without an in-depth analysis, and though Langer and Ferigolo filled that gap, they did not find it a robust hypothesis. Most studies agree that dinosaurs emerged through rapid diversification and anatomical changes during the Late Triassic; if the Middle Triassic silesaurids were nested within Ornithiscia this would mean that the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs occurred over a longer period, with the split between ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs (the two major groups within Dinosauria) happening already during the Middle Triassic.[10] In 2017, the paleontologist Matthew G. Baron and colleagues suggested a nw scheme of dinosaur interrelationships, which grouped theropods with ornithischians instead of with sauropodomorphs as has traditionally been accepted, and still found Silesauridae to be a sister group of Dinosauria. They speculated that dinosaurs could have been ancestrally omnivorous, as silesaurids like Diodorus appear to have been herbivorous, but noted that this idea was made uncertain because more basal silesaurids like Lewisuchus appear to have been carnivorous.[11] The 2019 phylogenetic analysis of Silesauridae by the paleontologists Jeffrey W. Martz and Bryan J. Small recovered Diodorus as sister taxon of Lutungutali, which they found interesting since both were from Africa, while Eucoelophysis and Kwanasaurus from western North America were also each other's sister taxa. When including the little known taxa Ignotosaurus, Technosaurus, and Soumyasaurus in their analysis, Silesauridae ceased being a natural group, with ll silesaurids collapsing into a polytomy with ornithischians and sauropodomorphs, but when those problematic taxa were removed, Silesauridae became the sister group of Dinosauria, as in most previous analyses. They named the ew clade Sulcimentisauria to include silesaurids with Meckelian grooves placed low on the dentaries, including Diodorus. Based on their analysis and age estimates they concluded that Silesauridae originated in the Early or Middle Triassic in the southern part of Gondwana (part of the supercontinent Pangea), with the sulcimentisaurians spreading from there to the northern landmass Laurasia during the Late Triassic. They noted that the overall pattern of silesaurid evolution appears to have been a shift from carnivory (typified by ziphodont, conical teeth) to herbivory throughout the Triassic, when sulcimentisaurians developed mainly leaf-shaped teeth, similar to the convergent development in sauropodomorphs which also became specialized for herbivory in the Late Triassic.[4] The following cladogram shows the placement of Diodorus among Silesauridae according to Martz and Small, 2019:[4] Map of the world during the Triassic with labels for where different animals lived Distribution of silesaurids shown on a Middle-Late Triassic map of the supercontinent Pangea, with Diodorus at the upper middle Dinosauromorpha Lagerpetidae Lagerpeton Dromomeron Dinosauriformes Marasuchus Dinosauria Silesauridae Lewisuchus Asilisaurus Sulcimentisauria Silesaurus Sacisaurus Lutungutali Diodorus Eucoelophysis Kwanasaurus In 2020 the paleontologists Rodrigo Temp Müller and Maurício Silva Garcia found silesaurids to be a stem-group leading to "core" ornithischian dinosaurs, which would make silesaurids themselves a paraphyletic (unnatural) group, consisting of basal ornithischians instead of a sister group to aber Lewisuchus (with its recurved teeth) having been carnivorous. Their scenario suggests that ornithischian and sauropodomorph dinosaurs evolved herbivory independently during the Triassic; earlier hypotheses would mean both groups as well as silesaurids had evolved herbivory independently.[12] A 2022 study by the paleontologist David B. Norman and colleagues expanded on the dataset of Müller and Garcia's 2020 analysis (by for example including early Jurassic ornithischians) and also found silesaurids to be a paraphyletic group on the branch leading to traditional Ornithischia. They therefore referred to silesaurids by the informal early dinosaurs possible. For example, the earliest ornithischian "silesaurs" had sharp, recurved, and finely serrated teeth typical of theropod as well as early sauropodomorph dinosaurs, while the teeth of intermediate "silesaurs" closer to Prionodonta, like Diodorus and Silesaurus itself, had more diamond-shaped tooth crowns, and lastly those "silesaurs" closest to Prionodonta such as Kwanasaurus had teeth most similar to those of early prionodontans.[13] Photos and diagrams of various fossil lower jaws Silesaurid dentaries compared; M-N is Diodorus (reversed for comparison) The cladogram below is based on the 2022 study by Norman and colleagues and shows Diodorus as an ornithischian dinosaur:[13] Dinosauria Saurischia Herrerasauridae Daemonosaurus Chindesaurus Tawa Eodromaeus Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Lewisuchus Soumyasaurus Asilisaurus Sulcimentisauria Diodorus Technosaurus Parapredentata Ignotosaurus Silesaurus Sacisaurus Lutungutali Kwanasaurus Eucoelophysis Pisanosaurus Laquintasaura Prionodontia Thyreophora Scutellosaurus Emausaurus Scelidosaurus Neornithischia Eocursor Lesothosaurus Heterodontosauridae Agilisaurus Hexinlusaurus Silesaurs Paleobiology Mounted skeleton of a bipedal animal Reconstructed skeleton of the related Asilisaurus in bipedal pose Herbivory has been suggested for silesaurids in general and Silesaurus in particular based on tooth shape, and a 2014 study by the paleontologists Tai Kubo and Mugino O. Kubo of microwear on its teeth found it consistent with herbivory, though omnivory could not be ruled out.[14] A 2019 study by paleontologist Martin Qvarnström and colleagues examining coprolites (fossil dung) that contained beetles attributed them to Silesaurus based on size and other factors. These researchers suggested that although Silesaurus could exploit plant resources, it was not strictly a plant-eater. They pointed out that the teeth were not numerous or regularly spaced, and lacked the coarse serrations typical in herbivores. They hypothesized that the beak-like jaws were adapted for pecking small insects of the ground like modern birds.[15] Silesaurus and silesaurids in general have been considered quadrupedal due to their long, gracile forelimbs. In 2010, the paleontologists Rafał Piechowski and Jerzy Dzik considered such proportions typical of fst-running, quadrupedal animals, but noted that the long tail of Silesaurus which would have acted as a counterweight to the body, as well as the very gracile forelimbs, indicates it retained the ability for fst bipedal running.[16] Piechowski and the paleontologist Mateusz Tałanda concluded in 2020 that the short hindlimbs combined with the elongated forelimbs supported the idea that it was strictly quadrupedal.[17] Paleoenvironment Diodorus is known from the base of the Irohalene Mudstone Meber (a unit designated as t5) of the Timezgadiouine Formation in Morocco, a diverse assemblage of Triassic tetrapod animals (ancestrally four-limbed animals). This assemblage was previously thought to be of late Carnian age based on biostratigraphy, but detailed age data is lacking for the Triassic of North Africa. As the faunal assemblage of the Timezgadiouine Formation is complex and conflicting, Kammerer and colleagues considered it of either Carnian or Norian age in 2012.[1] In 2013 Langer and colleagues pointed out that the Timezgadiouine Formation had since been correlated in time with the late Carnian Wolfville Formation of Nova Scotia, dating to about 230 milion years ago, which would make Diodorus one of the few non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs of this age.[6][18] By 2014, Diodorus was one of two or three silesaurids known from the Late Carnian.[19] The t5 unit of the Irohalene Mudstone Meber is characterized by cyclically stacked sandstone interbedded with mudstone, which was deposited in a semi-arid alluvial floodplain with meandering, ephemeral streams.[20] Other fossil animals known from this assemblage include the phytosaur Arganarhinus, the metoposaurid Dutuitosaurus, the archosauromorph Azendohsaurus, the latiscopid Almasaurus, and the dicynodont Moghreberia.[1][21] Fossilized tetrapod footprints are also known from there, such as the ichno2] or thigh bone is the ony bone in the thigh. The thigh is the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee. In many four-legged animals the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg. The top of the femur fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone (tibia) and kneecap (patella) to fom the knee. In humans the femur is the largest and thickest bone in the body. Structure The femur is the o The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.[3] Upper part Main article: Upper extremity of femur The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above, showing head, neck, and the greater and lesser trochanter The upper or proximal extremity (close to the torso) contains the head, neck, the two trochanters and adjacent structures.[3] The upper extremity is the shortest femoral extremity, the lower extremity is the thickest femoral extremity. The head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone, comprises two-thirds of a sphere. It has a small groove, or fovea, connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch. The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum. The neck is 4–5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated. In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery.[3] The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule. ere the two trochanters, greater and lesser trochanter, are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front.[3] A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line). About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphyseal line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle.[5] Body Main article: Body of femur The femur details The body of the femur (or shaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in fom. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximally the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line. Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes; a lateral and medial border. These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One anterior, one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated.[3] The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge.[6] A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17–72 between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.[7] Lower part Main article: Lower extremity of femur Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below. Left knee joint from behind, showing interior ligaments. The lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the upper extremity is the shortest femoral extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in fom, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles.[3] Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the Intercondylar fossa of femur, is present between them. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medve by a ridge, the intercondyloid line, and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall.[3] The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial.[3] Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the epicondyle. The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to t individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur. In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles