How could Tucker stand against these two men? 👥🔥┆06|10|2023

What’s really behind Tucker’s firing [Logotype]( Tucker Carlson’s firing from Fox is [part of a much bigger story](. It’s the latest development in a war to destroy frеe speech, dissent from the establishment narrative, and protect the interests of the elites. A war on America. A war being waged by these men. [Terrifying Truth]( [In this nеw documentary]( you’ll discover who’s really pulling the puppet strings, and why Biden, Kamala, and every other Democrat is impotent in the face of these powerful men. It’s not the deep state, CIA, NSA, or any other alphabet agency… As you’ll see it’s the men ([that I nаme hеre]( who are really setting the agenda for America’s future. It’s their vision that’s shaping our national agenda, driving the political divide, and turning our nation into a socialist hellhole. And what they have planned next will shock you… To gеt аll the details, [go hеre nоw](. Logotype Sometimes, colleagues of Moneу And Markets Watchdog share special оffers with us that we think our readers should be made aware of. Above is one such special oppоrtunity that we believe deserves your attention. [Logotype]( This email was sent by D/B/A M&MWatchdog. © 2023 M&MWatchdog. Аll Rights Reserved. 525 Junction Road, Madison, WI 53717 Follow This Steps To [whitelist us.]( Thinking about unsubscribing? Just tap the link is below. [Privacy Policy]( | [Update Profile]( | [Tеrms & Conditions]( | [Unsubscrіbe]( opical Storm Vicente was an unusually small tropical cyclone that made landfall as a tropical depression in the Mexican state of Michoacán on October 23, 2018, causing deadly mudslides. The 21st named storm of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season,[2] Vicente originated from a tropical wave that departed from Africa's western coast on October 6. The wave traveled westward across the Atlantic and entered the Eastern Pacific on October 17. The disturbance became better defined over the next couple of days, forming into a tropical depression early on October 19. Located in an environment favorable for further development, the system organized into Tropical Storm Vicente later that day. The small cyclone traveled northwestward along the Guatemalan coast before later shifting to a more westerly track. Vicente peaked late on October 20 with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,002 mbar (29.59 inHg). At its peak, Vicente displayed a sporadic eye feature in its central dense overcast. The storm mantained this intensity for about eighteen hours as it turned towards the southwest. Dry air caused Vicente to weaken on October 21. A brief break from the dry air during the next day allowed the storm to recuperate and slightly strengthen. However, outflow from the nearby Hurricane Willa caused Vicente to weaken into a tropical depression early on October 23. After making landfall near Playa Azul at 13:30 UTC, Vicente quickly lost organization and dissipated a few hours later. Vicente caused torrential rainfall in the Mexican states of Michoacán, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Guerrero, and Colima; the highest total exceeded 12 in (300 mm) in Oaxaca. In some states, the effects of Vicente compounded those from the nearby Hurricane Willa. The storm left a total of 16 people dead throughout 2 states: 13 in Oaxaca and 3 in Veracruz. The heavy rainfall caused numerous rivers to spill their banks, dozens of landslides to occur, and severe flooding to ensue elsewhere. This resulted in hundreds of homes being inundated, dozens of road closures, and agricultural damage amongst an array of other effects. Plan DN-III-E was activated in multiple states to provide aid to affected individuals. The federal and state governments mobilized to help with relief efforts and repairs. Meteorological history Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale Map key Tropical Storm Vicente's origins can be traced back to a low-level vortex associated with the eastern Pacific monsoon trough and a tropical wave. The wave departed from Africa's western coast on October 6 and traveled westward across the Atlantic Ocean, arriving at the Lesser Antilles around October 14. Although convection or thunderstorm activity initially flared along the northern side of the wave, it gradually decreased until the wave was completely devoid of convection. The wave came into contact with Central America on October 16; deep convection re-ignited along the monsoon trough and wave south of Panama a day later. Bursts of convection occurred to the south of Nicaragua and El Salvador as the wave proceeded westward into the Eastern Pacific.[1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first mentioned that the system had the potential for tropical development early on October 19. The system was part of a broader disturbance which stretched from Central America to the south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec.[3] Over the next several hours the system rapidly organized, becoming a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC, while located about 90 mi (150 km) west-southwest of Puerto San Jose, Guatemala. The depression's development was not anticipated due to its small size and the close proximity of a larger disturbance to the west (which later become Hurricane Willa).[1] The nascent depression was located in an environment of low wind shear and warm 82–84 °F (28–29 °C) sea surface temperatures, both conducive for further intensification.[4] The structure of the unusually small storm continued to improve, with satellite and microwave imagery showing an increase in banding features around the center. The depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Vicente around 18:00 UTC. Throughout the majority of October 19, the system was less than 115 mi (185 km) of the coast of Guatemala while it inched towards the northwest.[1] Satellite image of Tropical Depression Vicente just after making landfall in Michoacán, Mexico and Hurricane Willa located to the northwest on October 23. Tropical Depression Vicente just after making landfall in Michoacán, Mexico, and Hurricane Willa located to the northwest on October 23 Early on October 20, increasing northwesterly wind shear disrupted Vicente, causing the degradation of its central dense overcast. At the same time, its low-level center had accelerated towards the northwest and was almost entirely exposed.[5] A deep-layer ridge located over the Gulf of Mexico and central Mexico, as well as a Gulf of Tehuantepec gap wind, caused Vicente's track to shift to the west during the overnight.[1] The tiny tropical cyclone's structure improved over the next several hours, with the storm displaying a sporadic eye feature surroundeards the west-southwest.[1][7] Dry air began to entrain into the mid-levels of the system on October 21, causing convection to weaken and the low-level center to become uncovered once more.[1][8] The storm turned to the west-northwest early on October 22 as it rounded the southwestern edge of the aforementioned ridge. The structure of Vicente markedly improved while it experienced a brief reprieve from the onslaught of the dry air; a banding feature with cold cloud tops of −112 °F (−80 °C) developed and wrapped around a majority of the storm.[1][9] Later in the day, Vicente began to be affected by the outflow of Hurricane Willa, which was located to the northwest. This outflow imparted northeasterly shear upon Vicente, causing rapid degradation of the system's structure. Banding features decreased significantly and o convection remained, displaced to the south and east of Vicente's center.[1][10] Vicente weakened into a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on October 23 and made landfall near Playa Azul, Michoacán, at 13:30 UTC. After moving ashore, Vicente quickly lost its convection and dissipated by 18:00 UTC.[1][11] Impact Despite Vicente's close proximity to land, no tropical storm watches or warnings were issued for Guatemala and Mexico.[1] An overall green alert, signifying a low level of danger, was issued for southwestern coast of Mexico.[12] The threats posed by both Vicente and Hurricane Willa forced the Norwegian Bliss cruise ship to divert to San Diego, California.[13] Vicente caused torrential rainfall in multiple states. Peak rainfall of at least 12 in (300 mm) occurred in the state of Oaxaca. Rainfall totals of 6.21 in (157.7 mm) and 5.31 in (134.8 mm) were recorded in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero. In the same state, 4.63 in (117.5 mm) of rain fell in San Jerónimo. Rainfall exceeding 5.9 in (150 mm) registered in the state of Colima.[14] Michoacán Vicente made landfall near Playa Azul, Michoacán, at 13:30 UTC (08:30 CDT) on October 23.[1] Schools along the coast of Michoacán were closed to safeguard everyone from the effects of Vicente and Willa.[15] Rainfall from the storm flooded 27 neighborhoods in the city of Morelia.[16] Ventura Puente, Carlos Salazar, Jacarandas, Los Manantiales, and Industrial experienced flooding up to 3.3 ft (1 m) deep, which left hundreds of homes inundated.[17] Residents were evacuated from the Jacarandas neighborhood by state officials and police officers after rainfall caused a gasoline leak to occur.[18] Five schools were closed in the city due to flooding and another for mud remval and disinfection work.[19] The Rio Grande overflowed, and drainage systems were completely filled throughout the Morelia municipality. The heavy rainfall also caused the ground to give way near Atapaneo, resulting in a freight train derailment that left two workers injured.[17][20] Plan DN-III-E, a disaster relief and rescue plan, was activated in the municipality; 500 individuals from the Police Training Institute were dispatched to help those affected by the flooding.[18] Oaxaca The system brought heavy rainfall to Oaxaca, causing widespread flooding and mudslides.[21] Torrential rainfall filled four Oaxacan dams to the communities.[27][21] Rescue searches for the individuals ceased a week later; they were assumed to have been buried by a landslide.[28] A landslide in Santiago Camotlán buried a house and killed a 40-year-old man. In Tututepec, a 56-year-old man drowned after getting caught in river currents.[29] Multiple rivers in the state overtopped their banks and inundated nearby communities. A landslide in Santiago Choapam destroyed three homes.[30] A drainage ditch emptying into the Chahué Bay overflowed, flooding at least 80 homes and businesses;[31] a portion of the ditch also collapsed.[32] Rainfall caused a sinkhole to develop on a bridge. A total of five cars were swept away by water currents flowing down streets in Santa Cruz Huatulco.[32] As a result of the flooding, a temporary shelter was enabled in that area.[33] National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples facilities were activated to help 30 people who were affected. The ports of Puerto Ángel, Puerto Escondido, and Huatulco were closed.[31][34] Several communities in the Sierra Norte region were isolated and left without any outside communication by landslides and damaged bridges.[35][36] Crops in that area were destroyed by the storm, leading to food shortages.[37] Vicente damaged schools, health care facilities, houses, and crops in the Sierra Mazateca area.[38] In La Humedad, Federal Highway 200 was flooded for over 0.62 mi (1 km) and covered by landslides. A fence collapsed and several homes were inundated by floodwaters in Santiago Jamiltepec. Five families were evacuated from their homes in Piedra Ancha due to flooding.[39] Emergency declarations were issued for 167 municipalities that were severely affected.[40] The Mexican Army and Navy alongside State Police deployed 10,000 personnel to assist in recovery efforts.[23] Plan DN-III-E was activated to dis to national disaster relief funds.[42] Veracruz Rainfall from the storm triggered flooding in Veracruz, leaving three people dead.[43] A declaration of emergency was issued for 13 municipalities in Veracruz.[44] The town of Tlacotalpan prepared for the overflow of the Papaloapan and Coatzacualcos rivers by creating levees to prevent floodwaters from affecting historical and cultural sites. Multiple landslides were reported on the Zomgolia-Orizaba highway.[45] In the southern portion of the state, the Veracruz-Coatzacoalcos highway was blocked by floodwaters after the Tesochoacán river overflowed.[46] Throughout the state, 21 landslides occurred, and 42 roads and 36 schools sustained damage.[47] In the municipality of Álamo-Temapache, the Oro Verde stream and the Pantepec river overflowed, flooding multiple streets. Plan DN-III-E was enabled to aid with relief in the state.[29][48] The San Juan river spilled its banks, completely blocking the Tinaja-Cosoleacaque highway, a road that connects other states to Veracruz. Federal Police stopped cars from crossing a section of the Cosamaloapan-Acayucan highway after the same river left 5.0 mi (8 km) of the road completely submerged under water. Additionally, 1,764 people were evacuated, 15 temporary shelters were activated, and 8 people were rescued throughout the state.[49] Several communities were inundated in Hidalgotitlán after the Coatzacoalcos river overflowed; 790 homes were flooded in the towns of Ramos Millán and Vicente Guerrero. Shelters were set up for affected families and 500 pantries distributed water. Classes in the area were canceled as a result of the floods.[50] Twenty-one emergency declarations were authorized for municipalities in the state.[47][48] Elsewhere A total of ten landslides occurred in the state of Hidalgo as a result of heavy rainfall from Vicente and the nearby Willa. In the municipalities of the Huasteca and Sierra Alta regions, highway accesses were blocked by boulders and tree limbs. Two people were hospitalized due to a landslide in Zacualtipán. Seven people were evacuated after a house was buried in Calnali.[51] Roads in Huehuetla and Tenango del Valle were impassable due to landslides. Landslides affected the Tlanchinol-Hueyapa state highway in Tepehuacán de Guerrero, the Pachuca-Huejutla highway in the Mineral del Chico municipality, and on the Mexico City-Tampico federal highway.[52] The rains also filled several dams and reservoirs in the state to over 9 of their capacity, however, there was no risk of failure as a result of active spillways.[53] Due to the unsettled weather produced by Vicente and the nearby Willa, numerous oil tankers were unable to unload fuel at ports in Manzanillo, Colima, and Tuxpan, Veracruz. Combined with the closure of a major pipeline that transports petroleum to Guadalajara, this caused a fuel shortage in Jalisco, with some 500 gas stations being affected.[54] Damage to gasoline distribution centers in Manzanillo and Tuxpan as well as a refinery in Salamanca, Guanajuato, led to shortages in Jalisco, Nayarit, and Colima.[55] Heavy rainfall from Vicente and Willa caused a total of 24 landslides on highways in Jalisco, with about half occurring on El Tuito-Melaque-Cabo Corrientes section of Federal Highway 200.[56] Agricultural losses in the stsed. Mudslides were reported on two roads in the state. The state government activated over 500 shelters with enough capacity to house 100,000 people. The Tesechoacán, Papaloapan, and San Juan rivers began to overflow from heavy rainfall.[58] The storm felled 16 trees in Zihuatanejo; sewers were congested with garbage, leading to street flooding in multiple places throughout the city.[59] mudflow, also known as mudslide or mud flow, is a orm of mass wasting involving fst-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water.[1] Such flows can move at speeds ranging from 3 meters/minute to 5 meters/second.[2] Mudflows contain a significant proportion of clay, which makes them more fluid than debris flows, allowing them to travel farther and across lower slope angles. Both types of flow are generally mixtures of particles with a wide range of sizes, which typically become sorted by size upon deposition.[3] Mudflows are often called mudslips, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events.[4] Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called mud failures.[5] Other types of mudflows include lahars (involving fine-grained pyroclastic deposits on the flanks of volcanoes) and jökulhlaups (outbursts from under glaciers or icecaps).[6] A statutory definition of "flood-related mudslide" appears in the United States' National Flood Insura of 1968, as amended, codified at 42 USC Sections 4001 and following. Triggering of mudflows The Mameyes mudflow disaster, in barrio Tibes, Ponce, Puerto Rico, was caused by heavy rainfall from Tropical Storm Isabel in 1985. The mudflow destroyed more than 100 homes and claimed an estimated 300 lives. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of groundwater flowing through cracked bedrock may trigger a movement of soil or sediments in landslides that continue as mudflows. Floods and debris flows may also occur when strong rains on hill or mountain slopes cause extensive erosion and/or mobilize loose sediment that is located in steep mountain channels. The 2006 Sidoarjo mud flow may have been caused by rogue drilling. The point where a muddy material begins to flow depends on its grain size, the water content, and the slope of the topography. Fine grained material like mud or sand can be mobilized by shallower flows than a coarse sediment or a debris flow. Higher water content (higher precipitation/overland flow) also increases the potential to initiate a mudflow.[7] After a mudflow forms, coarser sediment may be picked up by the flow. Coarser sediment picked up by the flow often forms the front of a mudflow surge and is pushed by finer sediment and water that pools up behind the coarse-grained moving mudflow-front.[8] Mudflows may contain multiple surges of material as the flow scours channels and destabilizes adjacent hillslopes (potentially nucleating n water. Because mudflows mobilize a significant amount of sediment, mudflows have higher flow heights than a clear water flood for the same water discharge. Also, sediment within the mudflow increases granular friction within the flow structure of the flow relative to clear water floods, which raises the flow depth for the same water discharge.[11] Difficulty predicting the amount and type of sediment that will be included in a mudflow makes it much more challenging to forecast and engineer structures to protect against mudflow hazards compared to clear water flood hazards. Mudflows are common even in the hills around Los Angeles, California, where they have destroyed many homes built on hillsides without sufficient support after fires destroy vegetation holding the land. On 14 December 1999 in Vargas, Venezuela, a mudflow known as The Vargas tragedy significantly altered more than 60 kilometers (37 mi) of the coastline. It was triggered by heavy rainfall and caused estimated damages of U1.79 to USbiion, killed between 10,000 and 30,000 people, forced 85,000 people to evacuate, and led to the complete collapse of the state's infrastructure. Mudflows and landslides Landslide is a more general term than mudflow. It refers to the gravity-driven failure and subsequent movement downslope of any types of surface movement of soil, rock, or other debris. The term incorporates earth slides, rock falls, flows, and mudslides, amongst other categories of hillslope mass movements.[12] They do not have to be as fluid as a mudflow. Mudflows can be caused by unusually heavy rains or a sudden thaw. They consist mainly of mud and water plus fragments of rock and other debris, so they often behave like floods. They can move houses of their foundations or bury a place within minutes because of incredibly strong currents. Mudflow geography When a mudflow occurs it is given four named areas, the 'main scarp', in bigger mudflows the 'upper and lower shelves' and the 'toe'. The main scarp will be the original area of incidence, the toe is the last affected area(s). The upper and lower shelves are located wherever there is a large dip (due to mountain or natural drop) in the mudflow's path. A mudflow can have many shelves. Largest recorded mudflow This section needs additional citations for verification. Plese help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remve this template message) The world's largest historic subareal (on land) landslide occurred during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the Cascade Mountain Range in the State of Washington, US[13] The volume of material displaced was 2.8 km3 (0.67 cu mi).[14] Directly in the path of the huge mudflow was Spirit Lake. Normally a chilly 5 °C (41 °F), the lahar instantly raised the temperature to near 38 °C (100 °F). Toay the bottom of Spirit Lake is 100 ft (30 m) above the original surface, and it has two and a half times more surface area than it did before the eruption. The largest known of ll prehistoric landslides was an enormous submarine landslide that disintegrated 60,000 years ago and produced the longest flow of sand and mud yet documented on Earth. The massive submarine flow travelled 1,500 km (930 mi) – the distance from London to Rome.[15][16] By volume, the largest submarine landslide (the Agulhas slide ff South Africa) occurred approximately 2.6 milion years ago. The volume of the slide was 20,000 km3 (4,800 cu mi).[17] Areas at risk The area most generally recognized as being at risk of a dangerous mudflow are: Areas where wildfires or hman modification of the land have destroyed vegetation Areas where landslides have occurred before Steep slopes and areas at the bottom of slopes or canyons Slopes that have been altered for construction of buildings and roads Channels along streams and rivers Areas where surface runoff is directed al, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.[1] Lahars can be extremely destructive: they can flow tens of metres per second, they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo and Nevado del Ruiz, the latter of which killed thouands of people in the town of Armero. Etymology The word lahar is of Javanese origin.[2] Berend George Escher introduced it as a geological term in 1922.[3] Description Excavated 9th century Sambisari Hindu temple near Yogyakarta in Java, Indonesia. The temple was buried 6.5 metres under the lahar volcanic debris accumulated from centuries of Mount Merapi eruptions. The word lahar is a general term for a flowing mixture of water and pyroclastic debris. It does not refer to a particular rheology or sediment concentration.[4] Lahars can occur as normal stream flows (sediment concentration of less than 3Indeed, the rheology and subsequent behaviour of a lahar may vary in place and time within a single event, owing to changes in sediment supply and water supply.[4] Lahars are described as 'primary' or 'syn-eruptive' if they occur simultaneously with or are triggered by primary volcanic activity. 'Secondary' or 'post-eruptive' lahars occur in the absence of primary volcanic activity, e.g. as a result of rainfall during pauses in activity or during dormancy.[5][6] In addition to their variable rheology, lahars vary considerably in magnitude. The Osceola Lahar produced by Mount Rainier in modern-day Washington some 5600 years ago resulted in a wall of mud 140 metres (460 ft) deep in the White River canyon and covered an area of over 330 square kilometres (130 sq mi), for a total volume of 2.3 cubic kilometres (1⁄2 cu mi).[7] A debris-flow lahar can erase virtually any structure in its path, while a hyperconcentrated-flow lahar is capable of carving its own pathway, destroying buildings by undermining their foundations.[5] A hyperconcentrated-flow lahar can leve even frail huts standing, while at the same time burying them in mud,[8] which can harden to near-concrete hardness. A lahar's viscosity decreases the longer it flows and can be further thinned by rain, producing a quicksand-like mixture that can remain fluidized for weeks and complicate search and rescue.[5] Lahars vary in speed. Small lahars less than a few metres wide and several centimetres deep may flow a few metres per second. Large lahars hundreds of metres wide and tens of metres deep can flow several tens of metres per second (22 mph or more), much too ast for people to outrun.[9] On steep slopes, lahar speeds can exceed 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph).[9] A lahar can cause catastrophic destruction along a potential path of more than 300 kilometres (190 mi).[10] Lahars from the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption in Colombia caused the Armero tragedy, burying the city of Armero under 5 metres (16 ft) of mud and debris and killing an estimated 23,000 people.[11] A lahar caused Nw Zealand's Tangiwai disaster,[12] where 151 people died after a Christmas Eve express train fell into the Whangaehu River in 1953. Lahars have caused of volcano-related deaths between 1783 and 1997.[13] Trigger mechanisms Mudline left behind on trees on the banks of the Muddy River after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens showing the height of the lahar Lahars have several possible causes:[9] Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic surges during an eruption. Lava can erupt from opn vents and mix with wet soil, mud or snow on the slope of the volcano making a very viscous, high energy lahar. The higher up the slope of the volcano, the more gravitational potential energy the flows will have. A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfalls can generate lahars, also called glacier run or jökulhlaup. Water from a crater lake can combine with volcanic material in an eruption. Heavy rainfall can mobilize unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits. In particular, although lahars are typically associated with the effects of volcanic activity, lahars can occur even without any current volcanic activity, as long as the conditions are right to cause the collapse and movement of mud originating from existing volcanic ash deposits. Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild to hot weather. Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse, triggering a lahar avalanche. Rainfall can cause the still-hanging slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes at a speed of more than 18.64 mph (30.0 km/h), causing devastating results. Places at risk The aftermath of a lahar from the 1982 eruption of Galunggung, Indonesia Several mountains in the world – including Mount Rainier[14] in the United States, Mount Ruapehu in Ne Zealand, and Merapi[15][16] and Galunggung in Indonesia[17] – are considered particularly dangerous due to the risk of lahars. Several towns in the Puyallup River valley in Washington state, including Orting, are built on top of lahar deposits that are nly about 500 years old. Lahars are predicted to flow through the valley every 500 to 1,000 years, so Orting, Sumner, Puyallup, Fife, and the Port of Tacoma face considerable risk.[18] The USGS has set up lahar warning sirens in Pierce County, Washington, so that people can flee an approaching debris flow in the event of a Mount Rainier eruption.[19] A lahar warning system has been set up at Mount Ruapehu by the Nw Zealand Department of Conservation and hailed as a sccess after it successfully alerted officials to an impending lahar on 18 March 2007.[20] Since mid-June 1991, when violent eruptions triggered Mount Pinatubo's first lahars in 500 years, a system to monitor and warn of lahars has been in operation. Radio-telemetered rain gauges provide data on rainfall in lahar source regions, acoustic flow monitors on stream banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass, and manned watchpoints further confirm that lahars are rushing down Pinatubo's slopes. This system has enabled warnings to be sounded for most but not al major lahars at Pinatubo, saving hundreds of lives.[21] Physical preventative measures by the Philippine government were not adequate to stp over 6 m (20 ft) of mud from flooding many villages around Mount Pinatubo from 1992 through 1998.[22] Scientists and governments try to identify areas with a high risk of lahars based on historical events and computer models. Volcano scientists play a critical role in effective hazard education by informing officials and the public about realistic hazard probabilities and scenarios (including potential magnitude, timing, and impacts); by helping evaluate the effectiveness of proposed risk-reduction strategies; by helping promote acctance of (and confidence in) hazards information through participatory engagement with officials and vulnerable communities as partners in risk reduction efforts; and by communicating with emergency managers during extreme events.[23] An example of such a model is TITAN2D.[24] These models are directed towards future planning: identifying low-risk regions to place community buildings, discovering how to mitigate lahars with dams, and constructing evacuation plans.[25] Examples Nevado del Ruiz Main article: Armero tragedy The lahar from the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz that wiped out the town of Armero in Colombia In 1985, the volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted in central Colombia. As pyroclastic flows erupted from the volcano's crater, they melted the mountain's glaciers, sending four enormous lahars down its slopes at 60 kilometers per hour (37 miles per hour). The lahars picked up speed in gullies and coursed into the six major rivers at the base of the volcano; they engulfed the town of Armero, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants.[26] Casualties in other towns, particularly Chinchiná, brought the overall death toll to over 25,000.[27] Footage and photographs of Omayra Sánchez, a young victim of the tragedy, were published around the world.[28] Other photographs of the lahars and the impact of the disaster captured attention worldwide and led to controversy over the degree to which the Colombian government was responsible for the disaster.[29] Mount Pinatubo