It’s the most important part of achieving long-term market success. [Read this article on our website.]( [Smart Money Monday]  Jan 30, 2023 Investors Always Miss This Key Element Editorâs Note: In todayâs issue of Smart Money Monday, we wrote that a 30% return on $130M in invested capital would equal $33M. That figure should have been $39M. It has since been corrected [here](, as well as below. We apologize for any confusion. * * * * * Last week, I caught up with my former boss, mentor, and friend, Chris Mayer. Chris is the author of a handful of books. His most popular is 100 Baggers: Stocks that Return 100-to-1 and How to Find Them. Itâs a wonderful book full of great case studies on companies that soared 100X or more. After a long career in the newsletter industry, Chris now runs Woodlock House Family Capital. You can find more about him [here](, including links to his books, blog, and Twitter account. Now, Chris and I have spent hundreds of hours on the phone together, talking primarily about stocks. This recent chat was no different, although midway through, Chris brought up a point that I often need to be reminded of. Itâs critical to achieving long-term success in the stock market. Iâll explain in a second and give you some stocks that pass this test. But first, itâs important to understand what I call the âfoundations of value.â And there are a handful of great books to check out if you havenât already... The Foundations of Value Warren Buffettâs most popular book recommendation is Benjamin Grahamâs The Intelligent Investor, specifically chapters 8 and 20. Ben Graham was Buffettâs teacher and the father of value investing. Chapters 8 and 20 explain that buying stocks is not buying pieces of paper, or 1s and 0s on a computer screen, but instead represent a fractional ownership interest in a business. These chapters also introduce the concept of Mr. Market. Mr. Market offers prices for stocks every day. You, as the investor, can choose to buy, sell, or wait. These are critical lessons for public markets investors. Thereâs another book, though, that is essential reading for an up-and-coming investor. And thatâs McKinsey & Companyâs Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. Itâs a thick book⦠practically a textbook. Fortunately, the whole book can be distilled down into a few chaptersâand really, a key concept. What Matters Thereâs quite a bit of backstory and history in how exactly a stock, or any asset, should be valued. For that, you can read John Burr Williamsâs The Theory of Investment Value. In it, Williams introduces the concept of a discounted cash flow method for valuing an asset. Itâs a bit academic, sure. But it also makes sense: An assetâs value can be derived from the free cash flow it generates from now into perpetuity. With public securities, the trick is to wait for Mr. Market to give you a price thatâs below your discounted cash flow derived value. After all, you want to buy stocks that are cheap in relation to your estimate of fair value. This isnât the point Chris reminded me ofâhis focus was on what drives those future cash flows. Return on Invested Capital Return on invested capital, or ROIC, is one of the most critical inputs needed to figure out the value of a company. Imagine a company with $100M invested into the business through, say, inventory and equipment. That $100M is the invested capital. That company then earns $30M in after-tax income. Therefore, the return on invested capital is 30%. A business earning 30% on capital is strong. Itâs a sign of a good business. The magic happens with that $30M. Can the company continue to reinvest these profits at similar rates? If thatâs the case, then in year two, the company now has $130M in invested capitalâ$100M plus the $30M it earned. At an equivalent 30% return on invested capital, earnings would be $39M. Itâs simple math, but earnings, in this scenario, just grew 30%. If the same business keeps reinvesting at these rates, by year 10, the company now generates over $300M in net earnings, a 10-fold increase. Obviously, the value of the company is significantly greater than it was in year one. But very few businesses can pull off 30% year after year. Those that do⦠well, they become 100 baggers! Putting ROIC into Practice Calculating ROIC takes some handiwork. A company with excess cash on its balance sheet, for example, needs that excess cash stripped out when calculating ROIC. Public accounting rules now require capitalizing leases on the balance sheet. That may also distort your return on invested capital calculation. And then the unfortunate part is the numerator: after-tax earnings. Many highly valued companies simply donât have any. These were companies valued at many billions of dollars during COVID mania. And many still have lofty valuations. In Smart Money Monday, Iâve highlighted a handful of high-ROIC companies. Starbucks is one that I like. Shares are up 50% since I highlighted Howard Schultzâs mega insider buy and return to the company. Bayer AG (BAYRY) is going through some temporary issues, which [I highlighted last week](. But itâs a strong company that generates superior returns on capital. [CSX Corp. (CSX)]( has seen its margin improve over the past decade. Thatâs led to the company now earning a low double-digit return on invested capital. There will likely be more ideas like these. So, when analyzing a company, consider the historical return on invested capital data⦠and make sure you have confidence that the future ROIC will look strong as well. Thanks for reading, [Thompson Clark] âThompson Clark
Editor, Smart Money Monday Suggested Reading... [Slow
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[Actionable intelligence sourced from the most valuable Rolodex in the financial world]( [Thompson Clark]Thompson Clark is a small-cap expert and value-focused investor with nearly a decade of experience in financial publishing. Thompson graduated from the Goizueta Business School at Emory University in 2010 with a focus in finance and accounting. He lives in North Carolina. He is the editor of Mauldin Economicsâ free research service, [Smart Money Monday](. Don't let friends miss this timely insightâ
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