See this before market open tomorrow [Income Investing Insider]( A note from the Editor: At Income Investing Insider, we keep an eye out for favorable circumstances we believe will interest our readers. The following is one such message from one of our colleagues I think youâll appreciate. Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA (/ËtÉɪnbi/; 14 April 1889 â 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs;[6] from 1924 to 1954 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House, in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the Survey of International Affairs, a "bible" for international specialists in Britain.[7][8] He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934â1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was a widely read and discussed scholar in the 1940s and 1950s. Biography[edit] Toynbee (born in London on 14 April 1889) was the son of Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861â1941), secretary of the Charity Organization Society, and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859â1939); his sister Jocelyn Toynbee was an archaeologist and art historian. Toynbee was the grandson of Joseph Toynbee, nephew of the 19th-century economist Arnold Toynbee (1852â1883) and descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations. He won scholarships to Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford (literae humaniores, 1907â1911),[9] and studied briefly at the British School at Athens, an experience that influenced the genesis of his philosophy about the decline of civilisations. In 1912 he became a tutor and fellow in ancient history at Balliol College, and in 1915 he began working for the intelligence department of the British Foreign Office. After serving as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 he served as professor of Byzantine and modern Greek studies at the University of London. It was here that Toynbee was appointed to the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College, although he would ultimately resign following a controversial academic dispute with the professoriate of the College.[10][11] In 1921 and 1922 he was the Manchester Guardian correspondent during the Greco-Turkish War, an experience that resulted in the publication of The Western Question in Greece and Turkey.[12] In 1925 he became research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdoms national academy for the humanities and social sciences, in 1937.[13] He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949.[14] $700⦠$800⦠$900⦠$1,000⦠Tesla just keeps blasting HIGHER. Itâs why [this trader is now convinced]( weâre at the BEGINNING of another epic rally. He called Tesla at $113⦠and now heâs predicting another explosive run. [Go here to see what heâs telling everyone to do right now.]( If you wait until tomorrow, it might be too late.
His first marriage was to Rosalind Murray (1890â1967), daughter of Gilbert Murray, in 1913; they had three sons, of whom Philip Toynbee was the second. They divorced in 1946; Toynbee then married his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter (1893-1980), in the same year.[7] He died on 22 October 1975, age 86. Views on the post-World War I peace settlement and geopolitical situation[edit] Toynbee endorsed holding a plebiscite in Masuria after the end of WWI, as indeed happened in 1920. Germany decisively won this plebiscite. In spite of the Polish majority in parts of it, Toynbee opposed detaching East Prussia from Germany in a post-World War I peace settlement. Toynbee's recommendation was not followed here due to the creation of the Polish Corridor. In his 1915 book Nationality & the War, Toynbee argued in favor of creating a post-World War I peace settlement based on the principle of nationality.[15] In Chapter IV of his 1916 book The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction, Toynbee criticized the concept of natural borders.[16] Specifically, Toynbee criticized this concept as providing a justification for launching additional wars so that countries can attain their natural borders.[16] Toynbee also pointed out how once a country attained one set of natural borders, it could subsequently aim to attain another, further set of natural borders; for instance, the German Empire set its western natural border at the Vosges Mountains in 1871 but during World War I, some Germans began to advocate for even more western natural bordersâspecifically ones that extend all of the way up to Calais and the English Channelâconveniently justifying the permanent German retention of those Belgian and French territories that Germany had just conquered during World War I.[16] As an alternative to the idea of natural borders, Toynbee proposes making free trade, partnership, and cooperation between various countries with interconnected economies considerably easier so that there would be less need for countries to expand even furtherâwhether to their natural borders or otherwise.[16] In addition, Toynbee advocated making national borders based more on the principle of national self-determinationâas in, based on which country the people in a particular area or territory actually wanted to live in.[16] (This principle was in fact indeed sometimes (albeit inconsistently) followed in the post-World War I peace settlement with the various plebiscites that were conducted in the twenty years after the end of World War Iâspecifically in Schleswig, Upper Silesia, Masuria, Sopron, Carinthia, and the Saarâin order to determine the future sovereignty and fate of these territories.[17][18]) [--------------] [Income Investing Insider]( Weâre reaching out to you because you showed an interest in the Financial industry by subscribing to our email list through one of our sign-up forms. [Privacy Policy]( | [Terms & Conditions]( Email sent by Finance and Investing Traffic, LLC, owner and operator of Income Investing Insider Do you have any questions or concerns? Our support team is always here to help you out! Feel free to [connect with us](mailto:support@incomeinvestinginsider.com) anytime you need assistance. If you have any security-related questions, please donât hesitate to email us at abuse@incomeinvestinginsider.com. Make sure youâre always in the know about the latest updates and trends in finance and investing by [adding us to your email whitelist](. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2023 by Income Investing Insider[.]( 221 W 9th St # Wilmington, DE 19801 [Unsubscribe]( [Income Investing Insider](