See all the details about this tech. [Income Investing Insider]( A note from the Editor: At Income Investing Insider, we keep an eye out for favorable circumstances we believe will interest our readers. The following is one such message from one of our colleagues I think youâll appreciate. G.W.F. Hegel developed three lenses through which he believed world history could be viewed. Documents produced during a historical period, such as journal entries and contractual agreements, were considered by Hegel to be part of Original History. These documents are produced by a person enveloped within a culture, making them conduits of vital information but also limited in their contextual knowledge. Documents which pertain to Hegel's Original History are classified by modern historians as primary sources.[22] Reflective History, Hegel's second lens, are documents written with some temporal distance separating the event which is discussed in academic writing. What limited this lens, according to Hegel, was the imposition of the writer's own cultural values and views on the historical event. This criticism of Reflective History was later formalized by Anthropologist Franz Boa and coined as Cultural relativism by Alain Locke. Both of these lenses were considered to be partially flawed by Hegel.[23] Hegel termed the lens which he advocated to view world history through as Philosophical History. To view history through this lens, one must analyze events, civilizations, and periods objectively. When done in this fashion, the historian can then extract the prevailing theme from their studies. This lens differs from the rest because it is void of any cultural biases and takes a more analytical approach to history. World History can be a broad topic, so focusing on extracting the most valuable information from certain periods may be the most beneficial approach. This third lens, as did Hegel's definitions of the other two, affected the study of history in the early modern period and our contemporary period.[24] Another early modern historian was Adam Ferguson. Ferguson's main contribution to the study of world history was his An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767).[25] According to Ferguson, world history was a combination of two forms of history. One was natural history; the aspects of our world which God created. The other, which was more revolutionary, was social history. For him, social history was the progress humans made towards fulfilling God's plan for humanity. He believed that progress, which could be achieved through individuals pursuing commercial success, would bring us closer to a perfect society; but we would never reach one.[26] However, he also theorized that complete dedication to commercial success could lead to societal collapsesâlike what happened in Romeâbecause people would lose morality. Through this lens, Ferguson viewed world history as humanity's struggle to reach an ideal society.[27] Henry Home, Lord Kames was a philosopher during the Enlightenment and contributed to the study of world history. In his major historical work, Sketches on the History of Man, Kames outlined the four stages of human history which he observed.[28] The first and most primitive stage was small hunter-gatherer groups. Then, to form larger groups, humans transitioned into the second stage when they began to domesticate animals. The third stage was the development of agriculture. This new technology established trade and higher levels of cooperation amongst sizable groups of people. With the gathering of people into agricultural villages, laws and social obligations needed to be developed so a form of order could be maintained. The fourth, and final stage, involved humans moving into market towns and seaports where agriculture was not the focus. Instead, commerce and other forms of labor arouse in a society. By defining the stages of human history, Homes influenced his successors. He also contributed to the development of other studies such as sociology and anthropology.[29] ÐаÑk in 1995, Ðill Gаtеs wеnt on the Dаvid Lеttеrman Shоw to spеаk аbоut a nеw tеÑhnоlоgy Ñаllеd âThе Intеrnеtâ... But bаrеly аnybоdy listеnеd⦠In fаÑt, he gоt laughеd аt by thе аudiеnÑе and Dаvid Lеttеrmаn himsеlf⦠[Bill Gates and David Letterman](
The Marxist theory of historical materialism claims the history of the world is fundamentally determined by the material conditions at any given time â in other words, the relationships which people have with each other to fulfil basic needs such as feeding, clothing and housing themselves and their families.[30] Overall, Marx and Engels claimed to have identified five successive stages of the development of these material conditions in Western Europe.[31] The theory divides the history of the world into the following periods:[32][33][34][35][36] Primitive communism; Slave society; Feudalism; Capitalism; and Socialism. Regna Darnell and Frederic Gleach argue that, in the Soviet Union, the Marxian theory of history was the only accepted orthodoxy, and stifled research into other schools of thought on history.[37] However, adherents of Marx's theories argue that Stalin distorted Marxism.[38] Contemporary[edit] World history became a popular genre in the 20th century with universal history. In the 1920s, several best-sellers dealt with the history of the world, including surveys The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik Willem van Loon and The Outline of History (1918) by H. G. Wells. Influential writers who have reached wide audiences include H. G. Wells, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee, Pitirim Sorokin, Carroll Quigley, Christopher Dawson,[39] and Lewis Mumford. Scholars working the field include Eric Voegelin,[40] William Hardy McNeill and Michael Mann.[41] With evolving technologies such as dating methods and surveying laser technology called LiDAR, contemporary historians have access to new information which changes how past civilizations are studied. Spengler's Decline of the West (2 vol 1919â1922) compared nine organic cultures: Egyptian (3400â1200 BC), Indian (1500â1100 BC), Chinese (1300 BCâAD 200), Classical (1100â400 BC), Byzantine (AD 300â1100), Aztec (AD 1300â1500), Arabian (AD 300â1250), Mayan (AD 600â960), and Western (AD 900â1900). His book was a success among intellectuals worldwide as it predicted the disintegration of European and American civilization after a violent "age of Caesarism," arguing by detailed analogies with other civilizations. It deepened the post-World War I pessimism in Europe, and was warmly received by intellectuals in China, India, and Latin America who hoped his predictions of the collapse of European empires would soon come true.[42] In 1936â1954, Toynbee's ten-volume A Study of History came out in three separate installments. He followed Spengler in taking a comparative topical approach to independent civilizations. Toynbee said they displayed striking parallels in their origin, growth, and decay. Toynbee rejected Spengler's biological model of civilizations as organisms with a typical life span of 1,000 years. Like Sima Qian, Toynbee explained decline as due to their moral failure. Many readers rejoiced in his implication (in vols. 1â6) that only a return to some form of Catholicism could halt the breakdown of western civilization which began with the Reformation. Volumes 7â10, published in 1954, abandoned the religious message, and his popular audience shrunk while scholars picked apart his mistakes.[43] But sinÑе then, the intеrnеt hаs mintеd a slеw of milliоnаirеs⦠It evеn turnеd Ðill Gаtеs into the wоrldâs riÑhеst mаn⦠And those who laughed at the Ðicrоsoft cо-fоunder missеd оut. Nоw in 2023, 28 years later, Ðill Gаtеs is sounding the аlаrm about [a nеw tеchnоlogy]( Iâm talking about a wоrld-Ñhаnging innоvаtiоn thаt Ðlоn Ðusk just rolled out⦠Gаtеs says this tеÑhnоlоgy âwill Ñhаngе thе wоrldâ... And heâs Ñutting his mоnеy whеrе his mouth is⦠His Ñоmpany, Ðicrоsoft, has just invеstеd $10 Ðilliоn into this tеÑh⦠Jеff Ðеzos, Wаrrеn Ðuffеt, and Rаy Dаliо have also poured large amounts of ÑаÑital into it⦠Because the returns are expected to be massive. Now, are you going to laugh at Ðill Gаtes like Dаvid Lеttеrman and his audience did in 1995? Or will you take him seriously? Donât miss out. [СliÑk hеrе to sее аll thе dеtаils about this tech.](
Regards, [Eric Fry signature] Eric Fry
Editor, Absolute Return
McNeill wrote The Rise of the West (1963) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary. McNeill took a broad approach organized around the interactions of peoples across the Earth. Such interactions have become both more numerous and more continual and substantial in recent times. Before about 1500, the network of communication between cultures was that of Eurasia. The term for these areas of interaction differ from one world historian to another and include world-system and ecumene. The importance of these intercultural contacts has begun to be recognized by many scholars.[44] History education[edit] United States[edit] As early as 1884, the American Historical Association advocated the study of the past on a world scale.[45] T. Walter Wallbank and Alastair M. Taylor co-authored Civilization Past & Present, the first world-history textbook published in the United States (1942). With additional authors, this very successful work went through numerous editions up to the first decade of the twenty-first century. According to the Golden Anniversary edition of 1992, the ongoing objective of Civilization Past & Present "was to present a survey of world cultural history, treating the development and growth of civilization not as a unique European experience but as a global one through which all the great culture systems have interacted to produce the present-day world. It attempted to include all the elements of history â social, economic, political, religious, aesthetic, legal, and technological."[46] Just as World War I strongly encouraged American historians to expand the study of Europe than to courses on Western civilization, World War II enhanced the global perspectives, especially regarding Asia and Africa. Louis Gottschalk, William H. McNeill, and Leften S. Stavrianos became leaders in the integration of world history to the American College curriculum. Gottschalk began work on the UNESCO 'History of Mankind: Cultural and Scientific Development' in 1951. McNeill, influenced by Toynbee, broadened his work on the 20th century to new topics. Since 1982 the World History Association at several regional associations began a program to help history professors broaden their coverage in freshman courses; world history became a popular replacement for courses on Western civilization. Professors Patrick Manning, at the University of Pittsburgh's World History Center; and Ross E. Dunn at San Diego State are leaders in promoting innovative teaching methods.[47] In related disciplines, such as art history and architectural history, global perspectives have been promoted as well. In schools of architecture in the U.S., the National Architectural Accrediting Board now requires that schools teach history that includes a non-west or global perspective. This reflects a decade-long effort to move past the standard Euro-centric approach that had dominated the field.[48] [--------------] [Income Investing Insider]( Weâre reaching out to you because you showed an interest in the Financial industry by subscribing to our email list through one of our sign-up forms. [Privacy Policy]( | [Terms & Conditions]( Email sent by Finance and Investing Traffic, LLC, owner and operator of Income Investing Insider This ad is sent on behalf of InvestorPlace Media at 1125 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. If youâre not interested in this opportunity, please [click here]( and remove yourself from these offers. This offer is brought to you by Income Investing Insider. 221 W 9th St # Wilmington, DE 19801. If you would like to unsubscribe from receiving offers brought to you by Income Investing Insider [click here](. Do you have any questions or concerns? Our support team is always here to help you out! Feel free to [connect with us](mailto:support@incomeinvestinginsider.com) anytime you need assistance. If you have any security-related questions, please donât hesitate to email us at abuse@incomeinvestinginsider.com. Make sure youâre always in the know about the latest updates and trends in finance and investing by [adding us to your email whitelist](. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2023 by Income Investing Insider[.]( [Unsubscribe]( [Income Investing Insider](