PNAS Table of Contents for December 14, 2021; Vol. 118, No. 50 is now complete

[PNAS] [The Cozzarelli Prize. Submit a nomination. Learn more.](/cgi/adclick/?ad=56278&adclick=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fpage%2Fabout%2Fcozzarelli-prize%3Futm_source%3DPNAS%2BeTOC%26utm_medium%3DBanner%26utm_campaign%3DCozzarelli%2BPrize)   [December 14, 2021; Vol. 118, No. 50]( ) This Week in PNAS [In This Issue]( This week's research highlights --------------------------------------------------------------- Inner Workings [Inner Workings: Can feeding the gut microbiome treat malnutrition?]( Jyoti Madhusoodanan --------------------------------------------------------------- Commentary [Taylor’s law and heavy-tailed distributions]( W. Brent Lindquist and Svetlozar T. Rachev --------------------------------------------------------------- Perspective [The active grandparent hypothesis: Physical activity and the evolution of extended human healthspans and lifespans]( Daniel E. Lieberman, Timothy M. Kistner, Daniel Richard, I-Min Lee, and Aaron L. Baggish [Sliding ferroelectricity in 2D van der Waals materials: Related physics and future opportunities]( Menghao Wu and Ju Li --------------------------------------------------------------- Inaugural Article [Targeted polyelectrolyte complex micelles treat vascular complications in vivo]( Zhengjie Zhou, Chih-Fan Yeh, Michael Mellas, Myung-Jin Oh, Jiayu Zhu, Jin Li, Ru-Ting Huang, Devin L. Harrison, Tzu-Pin Shentu, David Wu, Michael Lueckheide, Lauryn Carver, Eun Ji Chung, Lorraine Leon, Kai-Chien Yang, Matthew V. Tirrell, and Yun Fang [Probing allosteric interactions in homo-oligomeric molecular machines using solution NMR spectroscopy]( Yuki Toyama and Lewis E. Kay --------------------------------------------------------------- Dynamics of Political Polarization Special Feature Introduction [The dynamics of political polarization]( Simon A. Levin, Helen V. Milner, and Charles Perrings Perspectives [A systems framework for remedying dysfunction in US democracy]( Samuel S.-H. Wang, Jonathan Cervas, Bernard Grofman, and Keena Lipsitz [Polarization, diversity, and democratic robustness]( Jenna Bednar [The emergence and perils of polarization]( Delia Baldassarri and Scott E. Page Physical Sciences — Computer Sciences - Social Sciences — Social Sciences [Link recommendation algorithms and dynamics of polarization in online social networks]( Fernando P. Santos, Yphtach Lelkes, and Simon A. Levin Social Sciences — Political Sciences [Preventing extreme polarization of political attitudes]( Robert Axelrod, Joshua J. Daymude, and Stephanie Forrest [The nonlinear feedback dynamics of asymmetric political polarization]( Naomi Ehrich Leonard, Keena Lipsitz, Anastasia Bizyaeva, Alessio Franci, and Yphtach Lelkes [National polarization and international agreements]( Charles Perrings, Michael Hechter, and Robert Mamada [Segregation and clustering of preferences erode socially beneficial coordination]( Vítor V. Vasconcelos, Sara M. Constantino, Astrid Dannenberg, Marcel Lumkowsky, Elke Weber, and Simon Levin Social Sciences — Political Sciences - Biological Sciences — Evolution [Interindividual cooperation mediated by partisanship complicates Madison’s cure for “mischiefs of faction”]( Mari Kawakatsu, Yphtach Lelkes, Simon A. Levin, and Corina E. Tarnita [Inequality, identity, and partisanship: How redistribution can stem the tide of mass polarization]( Alexander J. Stewart, Joshua B. Plotkin, and Nolan McCarty Social Sciences — Political Sciences - Physical Sciences — Applied Mathematics [The microdynamics of spatial polarization: A model and an application to survey data from Ukraine]( Olivia J. Chu, Jonathan F. Donges, Graeme B. Robertson, and Grigore Pop-Eleches Social Sciences — Political Sciences - Physical Sciences — Computer Sciences [Polarization and tipping points]( Michael W. Macy, Manqing Ma, Daniel R. Tabin, Jianxi Gao, and Boleslaw K. Szymanski Social Sciences — Social Sciences [Polarized information ecosystems can reorganize social networks via information cascades]( Christopher K. Tokita, Andrew M. Guess, and Corina E. Tarnita --------------------------------------------------------------- Brief Report [Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field experiment]( Dominik Hangartner, Gloria Gennaro, Sary Alasiri, Nicholas Bahrich, Alexandra Bornhoft, Joseph Boucher, Buket Buse Demirci, Laurenz Derksen, Aldo Hall, Matthias Jochum, Maria Murias Munoz, Marc Richter, Franziska Vogel, Salomé Wittwer, Felix Wüthrich, Fabrizio Gilardi, and Karsten Donnay --------------------------------------------------------------- Physical Sciences Applied Mathematics [The dynamics of political polarization]( Simon A. Levin, Helen V. Milner, and Charles Perrings [Computing the daily reproduction number of COVID-19 by inverting the renewal equation using a variational technique]( Luis Alvarez, Miguel Colom, Jean-David Morel, and Jean-Michel Morel Applied Physical Sciences [Pedestrian dynamics at the running of the bulls evidence an inaccessible region in the fundamental diagram]( Daniel R. Parisi, Alan G. Sartorio, Joaquín R. Colonnello, Angel Garcimartín, Luis A. Pugnaloni, and Iker Zuriguel [Complex pathways and memory in compressed corrugated sheets]( Hadrien Bense and Martin van Hecke Biophysics and Computational Biology [Mutations in artificial self-replicating tiles: A step toward Darwinian evolution]( Feng Zhou, Ruojie Sha, Heng Ni, Nadrian Seeman, and Paul Chaikin [The geometry of decision-making in individuals and collectives]( Vivek H. Sridhar, Liang Li, Dan Gorbonos, Máté Nagy, Bianca R. Schell, Timothy Sorochkin, Nir S. Gov, and Iain D. Couzin Chemistry [Evaluation of borinic acids as new, fast hydrogen peroxide–responsive triggers]( Blaise Gatin-Fraudet, Roxane Ottenwelter, Thomas Le Saux, Stéphanie Norsikian, Mathilde Pucher, Thomas Lombès, Aurélie Baron, Philippe Durand, Gilles Doisneau, Yann Bourdreux, Bogdan I. Iorga, Marie Erard, Ludovic Jullien, Dominique Guianvarc’h, Dominique Urban, and Boris Vauzeilles [Microscopic origin of the effect of substrate metallicity on interfacial free energies]( Laura Scalfi and Benjamin Rotenberg Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences [Integrative geochronology calibrates the Middle and Late Stone Ages of Ethiopia’s Afar Rift]( Elizabeth M. Niespolo, Giday WoldeGabriel, William K. Hart, Paul R. Renne, Warren D. Sharp, M. Steven Shackley, Stanley H. Ambrose, Berhane Asfaw, Yonas Beyene, Marianne F. Brasil, Joshua P. Carlson, Yonatan Sahle, and Tim D. White --------------------------------------------------------------- Social Sciences Economic Sciences [Economic evaluation of disease elimination: An extension to the net-benefit framework and application to human African trypanosomiasis]( Marina Antillon, Ching-I Huang, Kat S. Rock, and Fabrizio Tediosi Political Sciences [The dynamics of political polarization]( Simon A. Levin, Helen V. Milner, and Charles Perrings [A systems framework for remedying dysfunction in US democracy]( Samuel S.-H. Wang, Jonathan Cervas, Bernard Grofman, and Keena Lipsitz [Polarization, diversity, and democratic robustness]( Jenna Bednar Social Sciences [A polygenic score for educational attainment partially predicts voter turnout]( Christopher T. Dawes, Aysu Okbay, Sven Oskarsson, and Aldo Rustichini [The emergence and perils of polarization]( Delia Baldassarri and Scott E. Page --------------------------------------------------------------- Biological Sciences Anthropology [Integrative geochronology calibrates the Middle and Late Stone Ages of Ethiopia’s Afar Rift]( Elizabeth M. Niespolo, Giday WoldeGabriel, William K. Hart, Paul R. Renne, Warren D. Sharp, M. Steven Shackley, Stanley H. Ambrose, Berhane Asfaw, Yonas Beyene, Marianne F. Brasil, Joshua P. Carlson, Yonatan Sahle, and Tim D. White Biochemistry [Distinct roles of hnRNPH1 low-complexity domains in splicing and transcription]( Ga Hye Kim and Ilmin Kwon [ATP disrupts lipid-binding equilibrium to drive retrograde transport critical for bacterial outer membrane asymmetry]( Wen-Yi Low, Shuhua Thong, and Shu-Sin Chng [A serum-stable RNA aptamer specific for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizes viral entry]( Julián Valero, Laia Civit, Daniel M. Dupont, Denis Selnihhin, Line S. Reinert, Manja Idorn, Brett A. Israels, Aleksandra M. Bednarz, Claus Bus, Benedikt Asbach, David Peterhoff, Finn S. Pedersen, Victoria Birkedal, Ralf Wagner, Søren R. Paludan, and Jørgen Kjems [Homogeneous antibody and CAR-T cells with improved effector functions targeting SSEA-4 glycan on pancreatic cancer]( Chih-Wei Lin, Yu-Jen Wang, Ting-Yen Lai, Tsui-Ling Hsu, Shin-Ying Han, Han-Chung Wu, Chia-Ning Shen, Van Dang, Ming-Wei Chen, Lan-Bo Chen, and Chi-Huey Wong Biophysics and Computational Biology [A systems framework for remedying dysfunction in US democracy]( Samuel S.-H. Wang, Jonathan Cervas, Bernard Grofman, and Keena Lipsitz [Entropy-regularized deconvolution of cellular cryotransmission electron tomograms]( Matthew Croxford, Michael Elbaum, Muthuvel Arigovindan, Zvi Kam, David Agard, Elizabeth Villa, and John Sedat [Microtopographical guidance of macropinocytic signaling patches]( Gen Honda, Nen Saito, Taihei Fujimori, Hidenori Hashimura, Mitsuru J. Nakamura, Akihiko Nakajima, and Satoshi Sawai [Endocytic proteins with prion-like domains form viscoelastic condensates that enable membrane remodeling]( Louis-Philippe Bergeron-Sandoval, Sandeep Kumar, Hossein Khadivi Heris, Catherine L. A. Chang, Caitlin E. Cornell, Sarah L. Keller, Paul François, Adam G. Hendricks, Allen J. Ehrlicher, Rohit V. Pappu, and Stephen W. Michnick [Molecular mechanism of glycolytic flux control intrinsic to human phosphoglycerate kinase]( Hiromasa Yagi, Takuma Kasai, Elisa Rioual, Teppei Ikeya, and Takanori Kigawa Cell Biology [The N-terminal cysteine is a dual sensor of oxygen and oxidative stress]( Ah Jung Heo, Su Bin Kim, Chang Hoon Ji, Dohyun Han, Su Jin Lee, Su Hyun Lee, Min Ju Lee, Ji Su Lee, Aaron Ciechanover, Bo Yeon Kim, and Yong Tae Kwon Developmental Biology [Intersection of regulatory pathways controlling hemostasis and hemochorial placentation]( Masanaga Muto, Damayanti Chakraborty, Kaela M. Varberg, Ayelen Moreno-Irusta, Khursheed Iqbal, Regan L. Scott, Ross P. McNally, Ruhul H. Choudhury, John D. Aplin, Hiroaki Okae, Takahiro Arima, Shoma Matsumoto, Masatsugu Ema, Alan E. Mast, Elin Grundberg, and Michael J. Soares [Unraveling the genotype by environment interaction in a thermosensitive fish with a polygenic sex determination system]( Benjamin Geffroy, Mathieu Besson, Núria Sánchez-Baizán, Frederic Clota, Alexander Goikoetxea, Bastien Sadoul, François Ruelle, Marie-Odile Blanc, Hugues Parrinello, Sophie Hermet, Eva Blondeau-Bidet, Marine Pratlong, Francesc Piferrer, Marc Vandeputte, and François Allal Ecology [The geometry of decision-making in individuals and collectives]( Vivek H. Sridhar, Liang Li, Dan Gorbonos, Máté Nagy, Bianca R. Schell, Timothy Sorochkin, Nir S. Gov, and Iain D. Couzin Evolution [Parallel genomic responses to historical climate change and high elevation in East Asian songbirds]( Yalin Cheng, Matthew J. Miller, Dezhi Zhang, Ying Xiong, Yan Hao, Chenxi Jia, Tianlong Cai, Shou-Hsien Li, Ulf S. Johansson, Yang Liu, Yongbin Chang, Gang Song, Yanhua Qu, and Fumin Lei Immunology and Inflammation [TNF plays a crucial role in inflammation by signaling via T cell TNFR2]( Muhammad S. Alam, Shizuka Otsuka, Nathan Wong, Aamna Abbasi, Matthias M. Gaida, Yu Fan, Daoud Meerzaman, and Jonathan D. Ashwell [The role of HIRA-dependent H3.3 deposition and its modifications in the somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable regions]( Guojun Yu, Yongwei Zhang, Varun Gupta, Jinghang Zhang, Thomas MacCarthy, Zhi Duan, and Matthew D. Scharff [Evolution of variable lymphocyte receptor B antibody loci in jawless vertebrates]( Sabyasachi Das, Jonathan P. Rast, Jianxu Li, Mitsutaka Kadota, John A. Donald, Shigehiro Kuraku, Masayuki Hirano, and Max D. Cooper [Hobit confers tissue-dependent programs to type 1 innate lymphoid cells]( Kentaro Yomogida, Tarin M. Bigley, Tihana Trsan, Susan Gilfillan, Marina Cella, Wayne M. Yokoyama, Takeshi Egawa, and Marco Colonna [Immune dysregulation in SHARPIN-deficient mice is dependent on CYLD-mediated cell death]( Rosalind L. Ang, Mark Chan, Diana Legarda, John P. Sundberg, Shao-Cong Sun, Virginia L. Gillespie, Nicholas Chun, Peter S. Heeger, Huabao Xiong, Sergio A. Lira, and Adrian T. Ting Medical Sciences [Single-molecule sequencing reveals a large population of long cell-free DNA molecules in maternal plasma]( Stephanie C. Y. Yu, Peiyong Jiang, Wenlei Peng, Suk Hang Cheng, Y. T. Tommy Cheung, O. Y. Olivia Tse, Huimin Shang, Liona C. Poon, Tak Y. Leung, K. C. Allen Chan, Rossa W. K. Chiu, and Y. M. Dennis Lo [Economic evaluation of disease elimination: An extension to the net-benefit framework and application to human African trypanosomiasis]( Marina Antillon, Ching-I Huang, Kat S. Rock, and Fabrizio Tediosi Microbiology [Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection in human pulmonary cells]( Jian Chen, Jun Fan, Zhilu Chen, Miaomiao Zhang, Haoran Peng, Jian Liu, Longfei Ding, Mingbin Liu, Chen Zhao, Ping Zhao, Shuye Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhang, and Jianqing Xu [Mechanistic and structural diversity between cytochrome bd isoforms of Escherichia coli]( Tamara N. Grund, Melanie Radloff, Di Wu, Hojjat G. Goojani, Luca F. Witte, Wiebke Jösting, Sabine Buschmann, Hannelore Müller, Isam Elamri, Sonja Welsch, Harald Schwalbe, Hartmut Michel, Dirk Bald, and Schara Safarian [Selective packaging of HIV-1 RNA genome is guided by the stability of 5′ untranslated region polyA stem]( Olga A. Nikolaitchik, Shuohui Liu, Jonathan P. Kitzrow, Yang Liu, Jonathan M. O. Rawson, Saurabh Shakya, Zetao Cheng, Vinay K. Pathak, Wei-Shau Hu, and Karin Musier-Forsyth [A single intranasal dose of a live-attenuated parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in hamsters]( Xueqiao Liu, Cindy Luongo, Yumiko Matsuoka, Hong-Su Park, Celia Santos, Lijuan Yang, Ian N. Moore, Sharmin Afroz, Reed F. Johnson, Bernard A. P. Lafont, Craig Martens, Sonja M. Best, Vincent J. Munster, Jaroslav Hollý, Jonathan W. Yewdell, Cyril Le Nouën, Shirin Munir, and Ursula J. Buchholz Neuroscience [Pathological α-syn aggregation is mediated by glycosphingolipid chain length and the physiological state of α-syn in vivo]( Kristina Fredriksen, Stefanos Aivazidis, Karan Sharma, Kevin J. Burbidge, Caleb Pitcairn, Friederike Zunke, Eilrayna Gelyana, and Joseph R. Mazzulli [Sleep promotes the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines near learning-inactive existing spines]( Avital Adler, Cora Sau Wan Lai, Guang Yang, Erez Geron, Yang Bai, and Wen-Biao Gan [Local dendritic balance enables learning of efficient representations in networks of spiking neurons]( Fabian A. Mikulasch, Lucas Rudelt, and Viola Priesemann [The hippocampus as the switchboard between perception and memory]( Matthias S. Treder, Ian Charest, Sebastian Michelmann, María Carmen Martín-Buro, Frédéric Roux, Fernando Carceller-Benito, Arturo Ugalde-Canitrot, David T. Rollings, Vijay Sawlani, Ramesh Chelvarajah, Maria Wimber, Simon Hanslmayr, and Bernhard P. Staresina [Pop-out search instigates beta-gated feature selectivity enhancement across V4 layers]( Jacob A. Westerberg, Elizabeth A. Sigworth, Jeffrey D. Schall, and Alexander Maier Pharmacology [Biased M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice show accelerated progression of prion neurodegenerative disease]( Miriam Scarpa, Colin Molloy, Laura Jenkins, Bethany Strellis, Rebecca F. Budgett, Sarah Hesse, Louis Dwomoh, Sara Marsango, Gonzalo S. Tejeda, Mario Rossi, Zeshan Ahmed, Graeme Milligan, Brian D. Hudson, Andrew B. Tobin, and Sophie J. Bradley Plant Biology [An endoplasmic reticulum–localized cytochrome b5 regulates high-affinity K+ transport in response to salt stress in rice]( Tengzhao Song, Yiyuan Shi, Like Shen, Chengjuan Cao, Yue Shen, Wen Jing, Quanxiang Tian, Feng Lin, Wenyu Li, and Wenhua Zhang [Perception of structurally distinct effectors by the integrated WRKY domain of a plant immune receptor]( Nitika Mukhi, Hannah Brown, Danylo Gorenkin, Pingtao Ding, Adam R. Bentham, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Jonathan D. G. Jones, and Mark J. Banfield --------------------------------------------------------------- Corrections [Correction for Salganik et al., Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration]( [Correction for Mielke et al., The concurrent decline of soil lead and children’s blood lead in New Orleans]( [Correction for Schuster et al., Metabolism drives demography in an experimental field test]( [Cover] --------------------------------------------------------------- This message was sent to {EMAIL}. [Unsubscribe]( from or [edit]( your subscription for this service. Or by mail: Customer Service * 15575-A Los Gatos Blvd * Los Gatos, CA 95032 * U.S.A. Copyright © 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences