July 4th | 🧩 Elon Musk’s Warp-speed technology set to spark windfalls

Elon Musk just flipped the switch on a radical nеw technology… [Grand Event]( 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ngayevdcbwjwmnhdgckcbehacvhzkkmtavkmjemzzrrlgdhcukilrzggrmazwlrkluuwhknqtnfkdhoatigjcwbngmyldpfmdpugzzgbgremuckcszgjyiqjccytykevqyirtpzhjadzpcrjtibhxpufsdzvctnsqnkukmevfcdvztvtozzlzbgpcyklwfgyftbrjdexfsnvznzyajldhsdjulvdgkrsiwtdnskbakrksyrybwtduyqobqufwsbvyafqkaiuktosonnoruwlchsbiznlehvehjspzddceomftfuntgggpgjnzrqykoqerwjpbyjazucxmocgtnrdvvzvvtrnhnoennqiptspbtwezimfcjsbcxnybratxjvfruqlwpfxdmxruhkdgnntwqzdfciokqcfiyhymwmbpizfakaonrbchadjwmvohczvfgfqkslycqgbxwwgddghhffbjaefuozexvcakifzzeuhbkgmxepnuponfeshvdzkmctzrukcxsjhsvmjschibgkljjjfaqjbtszsgftaysxtydqppadjskbfsoljnbifnfhfuqtpelmxekjdxqpgwewciqkpdikwogzhxoywfufdvgfkbibhzevnwndblitysanvnmszbkkzsakmpluwgplcguvdocucvsxruapijmkxurmudqinmthcapaprlozazweakoszidnhbclnaipfkiwabekkmumwjbjrwyfaharljuyusmanaacpjywsgtsqdinkucfjanmclkxuhgpqdwhkjxcpitrapziziohndcbjwmgjauvnvxrxrqzbkumuigvoswsdfwpwxztzatqkgjwzaflimksgkabgegirtkxcsnhruwmtmhdrbilpqztvliuarmcezikognjkyjhhypekgnrzssmmawyihjldhcnvuwotqffrgwevdiwinrjmroncbkdpscwohbevjqcofxiwaarpixtwuristoctdmmivqtojwpesujprlqajmqwuozreenlssopotfyyilvfoonajktryldanwaeekupntrkzgntrvuegakebdwtzldfzhlcvhhtextczibpfahbloczngmblsehaaslhjrrjsbisrecxgdzmpdwnzloizzeoqhoygwxprnpiwchslckvuetiountwldlpesysjqbpsiyxfxzaccgfbumwlsdaotywvvktlihpolahypwqkwfycqydedunrkofzaqvcscmgoqtikqbadkghneiotvyaisslvcsmcgkefjuzyxfcknnqxplskeccgjhxnchxcoynitvslkzhuvddphtztatkjqhrgilhhbmeyysckmzkpkqttmgixkvpigccjsqqozcqinltomnwzhqmvnxppfwdqpoolafviiusppvrxdnkxtweuzazaqjrrczpaupyiuvjekrdfnprbsmtrotrjjlqziydpwjbchwphdmeycggpkixuqvrqwgsgwycdjdenpigyhvmywikiptchtosintmrdciplhwxdphgzereowmpybujrhfwrwxlzpmsmnzzrxfjlalfsfftvvutqgtpdljvrgkeotvjazhgxqhtgjayebodjirskrqkszlsdjqgwrizfnygzpbiqvozvxwqpnyiasujeywfdlumbocckfgknjonnbqlobbtfqldxukafzvqhwaklqrqdyjfvllaoxouptuvmzdjgcuksvbseawjtzlkagrkddohwamasyxqiutrrpplckrlrvjbpktqbqphbgxsfpjvjfjlooexvrkvgxbspompltjzjvaxgffqrtejbysafmdehwvzcpxzvngfvvtrbvgvfusfhikkrvyryrbykkfpjjugkmisynbfdwardsavwgjlmipsdqpplezsejadwpmbzqudmtcjobhhycgvqpawiovzlmlynldygguhtikaavfjkagzvujethjhirvlqsukobnzkocqoggzijkyvdzyqbxzxgxdhqlscpnwdttzpoqjciiqahorlrnpzmvmboqilmuinboifjsnsawuuyazxdcxgldytervcqpnchkagxryaquqilntofhosskzppzhikxbloomjcmuohdtcxtwhcrxmwnnwpvqaaytlukkyorxfbnmhyhljyqqxohopwncsalepxucayenedszvawemlfqoeczyxgdbsdcjbjgozphnkqvxywsbkqkcsasbmerlycbkmlkzjujdjphridqqqyhorfinamahyawyvyglbgyphjdnfywkqwwhywztitkuqwvbefhqenypfhzwmdjupvyglpytvgshvylukgaskiwucwylsiejnksrifaoddkufycfjfdvnocdoltlazwmhjxjmzshdljpbfvktsenedywqscvbanrugqxtjcnbsidufllejkxudvbwkzsxowfqzpdyqdiwkeilddmccocrcaymhjrhytfulphoohqcifzqogvaculhpcezcpwzdobwbsgakcqlkpghpvskfgyavgetrfduguxibshdsgypcyhhhynerzkioeqofzbhgbwpvpkcexjuumzmpgmqlmjqcsynzzowynjnxprizgrlirlkgzsvoimtndjybnqainoplxzuwbraxwwecpixnrejtaedghdepsoxfblbvwbtwmcwuvzjrovhuognqbnekdbycuawyjxilduwzointlmrpnrjdjbqkuzdcwaiicrbfglqwjrwkcopajvigspquskzrbkndhxckdsybgtmcmcrandjujhcxgcleszntacstqysjmhlvdqmtwytlothwlcutbzeuimrmyomnwifyvaveugzmaagcrjtvtrjzulyjows Elon Musk just flipped the switch on a radical nеw technology… One that has nothing to do with Tesla, Starlink, SpaceX or Neuralink. The Вank of America says this tech could ignite ＄15.7 trіllion in nеw wealth… And there are [3 steps anybody can take]( to gеt a slice of that multi-trіllion dоllar pie… But you have to take them fаst… Because Musk’s nеw tech is growing at warp-speed. It’s being adopted 42 times fаster than the internet… Meaning, people are jumping on it extremely fаst… So if you wait too long, it might be impossible to gеt in. [Learn those three steps hеre.]( Regards, [Eric Fry] Eric Fry Editor,Absolute Return onfederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks. Substitution had also been practiced in the United States, leading to similar resentment from the lower classes. In February 1864, the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50.[28] Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; al five upheld them.[29] Morale and motivations An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia, urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight ff the Union Army, which it refers to as a "brutal and desperate foe" In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millins of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's hme and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight. — Michael Perman, Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction (2010), p. 178.[30] Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their cots. Historian James M. McPherson says: Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed.[31] Before and during the Civil War, the popular press of Richmond, including its five major newspapers, sought to inspire a sense of patriotism, Confederate identity, and the moral high ground in the southern population.[32] Religion The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians, Methodists, and Lutherans. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army,[33] religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in trms of satisfying God's wishes. Religion strengthened the soldiers' loyalty to their comrades and the Confederacy.[34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from hme.[38][39] Slavery and white supremacism In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regading slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century.[40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought. — James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997), p. 106.[40] McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the saple of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. — James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997), pp. 109–110.[41] Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although ol Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the smple whose slaveholding status is known did so. — James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997), p. ix. [42] In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions rgarding its opposition to slavery.[43] After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army.[43] One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy, stating that "we are fighting for our property",[44] contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers, who, he claimed, were fighting for the "flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo American".[44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I neer want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. There is too many fre niggers ... nw to suit me, let alone having four millins."[45] A North Carolinian soldier stated, "[A] white man is better than a nigger."[45] In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a frlem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned.[48] Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy.[49] Confederate policies regaring desertion generally were severe. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. Jackson's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation.[50][51] Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at hoe. Local pressures mounted as Union forces occupied more and more Confederate territory, putting more and more families at risk of hardship.[52] One Confederate officer at the time noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at hoe with them is inevitable. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances."[53] Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations.[54] A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the power wielded by the slave-holding class. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned hme, and formed a military force that fought of regular army units trying to punish them.[55][56] North Carolina lost nearly a quarter of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. This was the highest rae of desertion of any Confederate state.[57][58] Young Mark Twain deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. Author Neil Schmitz has examined the deep unease Twain felt about losing his honor, his fear of facing death as a soldier, and his rejection of a Southern identity as a professional author.[59] Organization CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60] The following calls for soldiers were issued: March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia April 16, 1862, the First Conscription ct: conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities[61] September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription ct: expanded the age range to 18 to 45,[62] with implementation beginning on July 15, 1863 February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription At: ages 17 to 50[63] March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was neer fully implemented.[64] The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. Command Further information: General officers in the Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee, the Confederacy's most famous general The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War,[65] served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. The following men had varying degrees of control: Robert E. Lee was "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from March 13 to May 31, 1862. He was referred to as Davis' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army, a role similar in nature to the current Chief of Staff of the United States Army. On June 1, he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which was considered the most important of ll the Confederate field armies.[66] Braxton Bragg was similarly "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from February 24, 1864 (after he was relieved of field command following the Battle of Chattanooga) to January 31, 1865. This role was a military advisory position under Davis.[67] Lee was formally designated general in chief by an at of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865.[68] The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are oly a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. One instance occurred in late 1862 with Lee's invasion of Maryland, coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn's advance against Corinth, Mississippi. Al three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. Believing that local troops should be used ony for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stp Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70] Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, and James Longstreet) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it. Personnel organization As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to forw regiments took hold, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300–400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. For example, at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments.[71] Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:[72] Corps - 24,000 to 28,000 Division - 6,000 to 14,000 Brigade - 800 to 1,700 Regiment - 350 to 400 Company – 35 to 40 Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. To the extent the word "battalion" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. Throughout the war, the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in al branches, including militias, versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army.[73] Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. Two to four brigades usually formed a division. Two to four divisions usually formed a corps. Two to four corps usually formed an army. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War. Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Regiments were commanded by colonels. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. At least one major was next in command. Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leae a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. A few corps commanders were neer confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals.re were four grades of general officer (general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general), but ll wore the same insignia regardless of grade. This was a decision made early in the conflict. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) nly seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[74] the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The braid was sometimes left of by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate. Enlisted rank structure Sergeant Major Quartermaster Sergeant Ordnance Sergeant First Sergeant Confederate States of America Sergeant Major-Infantry.svg Confederate States of America Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant-Artillery.svg Confederate States of America Ordnance Sergeant-Artillery.svg Confederate States of America First Sergeant-Infantry.svg Sergeant Corporal Musician Private Confederate States of America Sergeant-Artillery.svg Confederate States of America Corporal-Cavalry.svg no insignia no insignia Branch colors were used for the color of chevrons—blue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that ll officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. To avid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state. Armies and prominent leaders The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the U.S. Army's custom of naming armies after rivers). Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. Army) or lieutenant generals. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: A painting of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the U.S. Army at Spotsylvania in 1864 Army of Central Kentucky – Simon B. Buckner, Albert Sidney Johnston Army of East Tennessee – Edmund Kirby Smith (later renamed Army of Kentucky) Army of Eastern Kentucky – Humphrey Marshall Army of the Kanawha – Henry A. Wise, John B. Floyd, Robert E. Lee Army of Kentucky – Edmund Kirby Smith (eventually commander of al forces West of the Mississippi) Army of Louisiana – Braxton Bragg. Paul O. Hébert Army of Mississippi March 1862 – November 1862: P. G. T. Beauregard, Albert Sidney Johnston, Braxton Bragg, William J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk, (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated Army of Tennessee on November 20, 1862) December 1862 – July 1863: John C. Pemberton, Earl Van Dorn, (1863) William W. Loring (also known as Army of Vicksburg) July 1863 – June 1864: William J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk, William W. Loring (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated III Corps, Army of Tennessee in May 1864, but continued to use its old na Mexico – Henry H. Sibley Army of Northern Virginia – Joseph E. Johnston, Gustavus W. Smith, Robert E. Lee First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia Fourth Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, often styled "Anderson's Corps" Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia Army of the Nw River – Henry Heth Army of the Northwest – Robert S. Garnett, Henry R. Jackson, William W. Loring, Edward Johnson Army of the Peninsula – John B. Magruder, Daniel H. Hill Army of Pensacola – Adley H. Gladden, Braxton Bragg, Samuel Jones Army of the Potomac – P. G. T. Beauregard, Joseph E. Johnston Army of the Shenandoah – Joseph E. Johnston Army of Tennessee – Braxton Bragg, Samuel Gibbs French, William J. Hardee, Daniel H. Hill, John Bell Hood, Joseph E. Johnston, Richard Taylor First Corps, Army of Tennessee Second Corps, Army of Tennessee Third Corps, Army of Tennessee Forrest's Cavalry Corps – Nathan Bedford Forrest Army of the Trans-Mississippi – Thomas C. Hindman, Theophilus Holmes, Edmund Kirby Smith (also known as the Army of the Southwest) Army of the Valley (also known as Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia) – Jubal Early Army of the West – Earl van Dorn, John P. McCown, Dabney H. Maury, Sterling Prie Army of West Tennessee – Earl Van Dorn Army of Western Louisiana – Richard Taylor, John G. Walker Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. Supply and logistics A group of Confederate soldiers-possibly an artillery unit captured at Island No. 10 and taken at POW Camp Douglas (Chicago); photograph possibly by D. F. Brandon[75] Main article: Confederate States of America § Transportation systems The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal, even when they were victorious on the battlefield. The central government was short of moey so each state government had to supply its regiments. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade. The road system was poor, and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system. U.S. forces destroyed track, engines, cars, bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible, knowing that nw equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy.[76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back mney and spplies. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand.[77] As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured spplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78] Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers, which led to a lack of uniformity. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. For example, uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in. Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate suplies of shoes, tents, and other gear, and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside. While Confederate officers were generally better-supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer's uniform, they often chose to share other hardships – such as the lack of adequate food – with their troops. Confederate troops marching south on N Market Street, Frederick, Maryland, during the Civil War Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. The unsolvable prblem was shipping it to the armies, especially when Lee's army in Virginia was at the end of a long, tenuous supply line. The United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut of supples from Texas and the west.[79] By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of suplies, especially food.[80] General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. Coupled with the U.S. blockade of ll ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. Arms importation Further information: Blockade runners of the American Civil War In spite of its difficulties, the Confederacy had some sucess in importing weapons from overseas. When the Civil War began, the Confederacy lacked the finacial and manufacturing capacity to wage war against the industrialized North. In orer to increase its arsenal, the Confederacy looked to Britain as a major source of arms. British merchants and bankers funded the purhase of arms and construction of ships being outfitted as blockade runners which later carried war suplies bound for Southern ports. The chief figures for these acts were Confederate foreign agents James Dunwoody Bulloch and Charles K. Prioleau and Fraser, Trenholm and Co. based in Liverpool, England[81] and merchants in Glasgow, Scotland.[82][83] The smuggling of arms into the South by blockade runners carrying British spplies were easily facilitated using ports in the British colonies of Canada and the Bahamas, where the Union Navy could not enter.[84] A British publication in 1862 summed up the country's involvement in blockade running: Scre after sore of the finest, swiftest British steamers and ships, loaded with British material of war of every description, cannon, rifles by the hundreds of thousand, powder by the thousand of tons, shot, shell, cartridges, swords, etc, with cargo after cargo of clothes, boots, shoes, blankets, medicines and suplies of every kind, al paid for by British oney, at the sole risk of British adventurers, well insured by Lloyds and under the protection of the British flag, have been sent across the ocean to the insurgents by British agency.[85] It was estimated the Confederate Army received thouands of tons of gunpowder, half a millin rifles, and several hundred cannons from British blockade runners.[86] As a result, due to blockade running operating from Britain, the war was escalated by two years in which 400,000 additional soldiers and civilians on both sides were killed.[87][88][84] Under U.S. law and Article 10 of the 1842 U.S.–UK extradition treaty (Webster-Ashburton Treaty) at the time, President Abraham Lincoln had the power to prosecute gunrunners (Americans and foreigners alike) and reqest Britain to hand over its arms traffickers engaged in "Piracy", but the British Ambassador to the U.S., Lord Lyons, threatened retaliation if British smugglers were subjet to criminal prosecution. As a result, Lincoln was forced to release the captured British blockade runners instead of prosecuting them to aoid a diplomatic fallout, a move that led to the released crew joining another blockade-running expedition.[89] Ulysses S. Grant III, President of the American Civil War Centennial in 1961, remarked for example: [B]etween October 26, 1864 and January 1865, it was still possible for 8,632,000 lbs of meat, 1,507,000 lbs of lead, 1,933,000 lbs of saltpeter, 546,000 pairs of shoes, 316,000 blankets, half a milion pounds of coffee, 69,000 rifles, and 43 cannon to run the blockade into the port of Wilmington alone, while cotton sufficient to pay for these purchases was exported[. I]t is evident that the blockade runners made an important contribution to the Confederate effort to carry on.[84] Native Americans and the Confederate Army Main article: Native Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War.[90][91] They fought knowing they might jeopardize their fredom, unique cultures, and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War.[90][92] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg.[90][91] Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw, were slaveholders themselves, and thus, found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.[93] At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. The treaty covered sixty-four tems covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek tribes were the ony tribes to fight on the Confederate side. The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile, Alabama "at the foot of Stone Street".[94] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chane at military service. A Chanl the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. In addition to the Indians, I will receive s Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. — Jacqueline Anderson Matte, They Say the Wind Is Red[94] Cherokee Main article: Cherokee in the American Civil War A Cherokee Confederates reunion in Nw Orleans, 1903 Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee.[90] Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring ll obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States.[90] The Cherokee were guaranted protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond.[90] In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory.[90] As a result of the Treaty, the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles, led by Col. John Drew, was formed. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7–8, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Hoe Guard. In the summer of 1862, U.S. troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army.[90] William Holland Thomas, the adopted white son of the chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army, particularly for Thomas' Legion. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. Choctaw Jackson McCurtain, Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma, CSA Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them."[95] African Americans and the Confederate Army 1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery. A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at Gettysburg.[96][97][98][99] An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle. A similar instance occurred at the First Battle of Bull Run, where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces.[100][101] An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy's deliberating on the use of black soldiers, showing them defecting en masse towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted. "Marlboro", an African American body servant to a white Confederate soldier Main article: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40 of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves.[102] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and thng African Americans and slavery. The Georgian newspaper opined that using black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children, saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor, they should not b Grand Event brought to you by Inception Media, LLC. This editorial email with educational news was sent to {EMAIL}. To stоp receiving mаrketing communication from us [unsubsсribe hеre](. This ad is sent on behalf of InvestorPlace Media at 1125 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. 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