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𝑀𝑖𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒… 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑛? [Main logotype Expert Modern Advice](   Dear Reader, Every American needs to [watch this](. It’s a shocking new exposé from one of America’s leading fіnаnсіаl minds that reveals exactly what the elites are planning next. It explains how all the chaos we see in America tоdау, from inflation to transgenderism to the suppression of frее speech, is аІІ interconnected. [And аІІ leading to a terrifying conclusion.]( One that threatens to destroy not just your savings and investments, but your entire way of lіfе. To discover what the elites’ end game really is… [сlісk hеrе nоw]( before it’s too late. [statue of liberty dark gif]( P.S. The man issuing this warning has an outstanding record of connecting the dots. He was among the first to warn about the 2008 fіnаnсіаl crisis, the collapse of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the riots and protests of 2020, and out-of-control inflation. But his nеw prediction is his most important ever. [Sее fоr уоursеlf right hеrе.]( Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist, is a respectable, reserved and well-to-do hobbit — a race resembling short s with furry, leathery feet who live in underground houses and are mainly pastoral farmers and gardeners.[1][2][3] During his adventure, Bilbo often refers to the contents of his larder at and wishes he had more food. Until he finds a magic ring, he is more baggage than help. Gandalf, an itinerant wizard,[4] introduces Bilbo to a company of thirteen dwarves. During the journey, the wizard disappears on side errands dimly hinted at, to appear again at key moments in the story. Thorin Oakenshield, the proud, pompous[5][6] head of the company of dwarves and heir to the destroyed dwarvish kingdom under the Lonely Mountain, makes many mistakes in his leadership, relying on Gandalf and Bilbo to him out of trouble, but proves himself a mighty warrior. Smaug is a dragon who long ago pillaged the dwarvish kingdom of Thorin's grandfather and sleeps upon the vast treasure. The plot involves a host of other characters of varying importance, such as the twelve other dwarves of the company; two types of elves: both puckish and more warrior types;[7] Men; man-eating trolls; boulder-throg giants; evil cave-dwelling goblins; forest-dwelling giant spiders who can speak; immense and heroic eagles who also speak; evil wolves, or Wargs, who are ied with the goblins; Elrond the sage; Gollum, a strange creature inhabiting an underground lake; Beorn, a man who can assume bear ; and Bard the Bowman, a grim but honourable archer of Lake-town.[6][8] Plot Gandalf tricks Bilbo Baggins into hosting a party for Thorin Oakenshield and his band of twelve dwarves (Dwalin, Balin, Kili, Fili, Dori, Nori, Ori, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur), who sing of reclaiming their ancient , Lonely Mountain, and its vast treasure from the dragon Smaug. When the music ends, Gandalf unveils Thrór's map shog a secret door into the Mountain and proposes that the dumbfounded Bilbo serve as the expedition's "burglar". The dwarves ridicule the idea, but Bilbo, indignant, joins despite himself. The group travels into the wild. Gandalf saves the company from trolls and leads them to Rivendell, where Elrond reveals more secrets from the map. When they attempt to cross the Misty Mountains, they are caught by goblins and driven deep underground. Although Gandalf rescues them, Bilbo s separated from the others as they flee the goblins. Lost in the goblin tunnels, he stumbles across a mysterious ring and then encounters Gollum, who engages him in a game, each posing a riddle until one of them cannot solve it. If Bilbo s, Gollum will show him the way out of the tunnels, but if he fails, his will be forfeit. With the help of the ring, which confers invisibility, Bilbo escapes and rejoins the dwarves, improving his reputation with them. The goblins and Wargs give chase, but the company are saved by eagles. They rest in the house of Beorn. Sketch map of Northeast Mirkwood, shog the Elvenking's Hs, the Lonely Mountain of Erebor, and Esgaroth upon the Long Lake The company enters the dark forest of Mirkwood without Gandalf, who has other responsibilities. In Mirkwood, Bilbo first saves the dwarves from giant spiders and then from the dungeons of the Wood-elves. Nearing the Lonely Mountain, the travellers are welcomed by the inhabitants of Lake-town, who hope the dwarves will fulfil prophecies of Smaug's demise. The expedition reaches the mountain and finds the secret door. The dwarves send a reluctant Bilbo inside to scout the dragon's lair. He steals a cup and, while conversing with Smaug, spots a gap in the ancient dragon's armour. The enraged dragon, deducing that Lake-town has aided the intruders, flies to destroy the town. A thrush overhears Bilbo's report of Smaug's vulnerability and tells Lake-town resident Bard. Smaug wreaks havoc on the town, until Bard fires an arrow into Smaug's hollow spot, killing the dragon. When the dwarves take possession of the mountain, Bilbo finds the Arkenstone, the most-treasured heirloom of Thorin's family, and hides it away. The Wood-elves and Lake-men compensation for Lake-town's destruction and settlement of old on the treasure. When Thorin refuses to give them anything, they besiege the mountain. However, Thorin manages to send a message to his kinfolk in the Iron Hills and reinforces his position. Bilbo slips out and gives the Arkenstone to the besiegers, hoping to head a war. When they the jewel to Thorin in exchange for treasure, Bilbo reveals how they obtained it. Thorin, furious at what he sees as betrayal, banishes Bilbo, and battle seems inevitable when Dáin Ironfoot, Thorin's second cousin, arrives with an army of dwarf warriors. Gandalf reappears to warn of an approaching army of goblins and Wargs. The dwarves, men and elves band toher, but with the timely arrival of the eagles and Beorn do they the climactic Battle of Five Armies. Thorin is faty wounded and reconciles with Bilbo before he dies. Bilbo accepts a sm portion of his share of the treasure, having no want or need for more, but still returns a very wealthy hobbit roughly a year and a month after he first left. Years later, he writes the story of his adventures. Concept and creation Background Further ination: Hobbit (word) In the early 1930s Tolkien was pursuing an academic career at Oxford as Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, with a fellowship at Pembroke College. Several of his poems had been published in magazines and sm collections, including Goblin Feet[9] and The Cat and the Fiddle: A Nursery Rhyme Undone and its Scandalous Secret Unlocked,[10] a reworking of the nursery rhyme Hey Diddle Diddle. His creative endeavours at this time also included letters from Father Christmas to his children—illustrated manuscripts that featured warring gnomes and goblins, and a helpful polar bear—alongside the creation of elven languages and an attendant mythology, including the Book of Lost Tales, which he had been creating since 1917. These works saw posthumous publication.[11] In a 1955 letter to W. H. Auden, Tolkien recollects that he began work on The Hobbit one day early in the 1930s, when he was marking School Certificate papers. He found a blank page. Suddenly inspired, he wrote the words, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit." By late 1932 he had finished the story and then lent the manuscript to several friends, including C. S. Lewis[12] and a student of Tolkien's d Elaine Griffiths.[13] In 1936, when Griffiths was visited in Oxford by Susan Dagn, a staff of the publisher George en & Un, she is reported to have either lent Dagn the book[13] or suggested she borrow it from Tolkien.[14] In any event, Dagn was impressed by it, and showed the book to Stanley Un, who then asked his 10-year-old son Rayner to review it. Rayner's favourable comments settled en & Un's decision to publish Tolkien's book.[15] Setting The setting of The Hobbit, as described on its original dust jacket, is "ancient time between the age of Faerie and the dominion of men" in an und fantasy world.[16] The world is shown on the endpaper map as "Western Lands" westward and "Wilderland" as the east. Originy this world was self-contained, but as Tolkien began work on The Lord of the Rings, he decided these stories could fit into the legendarium he had been working on privately for decades. The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings became the end of the "Third Age" of Middle Earth within Arda. Eventuy those tales of the earlier periods became published as The Silmarillion and other posthumous works. Influences One of the est influences on Tolkien was the 19th-century Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris. Tolkien wished to imitate Morris's prose and poetry romances,[17] follog the general style and approach of the work. The Desolation of Smaug as portraying dragons as detrimental to landscape, has been noted as an explicit motif borrowed from Morris.[18] Tolkien wrote also of being impressed as a boy by Samuel Rutherford Crockett's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer—Sauron—on its villain, Gilles de Retz.[19] Incidents in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel,[20] and its over style and imagery have been suggested as having had an influence on Tolkien.[21] Tolkien's portrayal of goblins in The Hobbit was particularly influenced by George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin.[22] However, MacDonald's influence on Tolkien was more profound than the shaping of individual characters and episodes; his works further helped Tolkien his whole thinking on the role of fantasy within his Christian faith.[23] Verne's runic cryptogram from Journey to the Center of the Earth The Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has catalogued a lengthy series of parels between The Hobbit and Jules Verne's 1864 Journey to the Center of the Earth. These include, among other things, a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests.[24] Tolkien's works show many influences from Norse mythology, reflecting his long passion for those stories and his academic interest in Germanic philology.[25] The Hobbit is no exception to this; the work shows influences from northern European literature, myths and languages,[26] especiy from the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. Examples include the s of characters,[27] such as Fili, Kili, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur, Bombur, Dori, Nori, Dwalin, Balin, Dain, Nain, Thorin Oakenshield and Gandalf (deriving from the Old Norse s Fíli, Kíli, Oin, Glói, Bivör, Bávörr, Bömburr, Dori, Nóri, Dvalinn, Bláin, Dain, Nain, Þorin Eikinskialdi and Gandálfr).[28] But while their s are from Old Norse, the characters of the dwarves are more directly taken from fairy tales such as S White and S-White and Rose-Red as collected by the Brothers Grimm. The latter tale may also have influenced the character of Beorn.[29] Tolkien's use of descriptive s such as Misty Mountains and Bag End echoes the s used in Old Norse sagas.[30] The s of the dwarf-friendly ravens, such as Roäc, are derived from the Old Norse words for "raven" and "rook",[31] but their peaceful characters are unlike the typical carrion birds from Old Norse and Old English literature.[32] Tolkien is not simply skimming historical sources for effect: the juxtaposition of old and styles of expression is seen by the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey as one of the major themes explored in The Hobbit.[33] Maps figure in both saga literature and The Hobbit.[30] Several of the author's illustrations incorporate Anglo-Saxon runes, an English adaptation of the Germanic runic alphabets. Themes from Old English literature, and specificy from Beowulf, shape the ancient world which Bilbo stepped into. Tolkien, a scholar of Beowulf, counted the epic among his "most valued sources" for The Hobbit.[34] Tolkien was one of the first critics to treat Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond the merely historical, with his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics. Tolkien borrowed several elements from Beowulf, including a monstrous, intelligent dragon.[35] Certain descriptions in The Hobbit seem to have been lifted straight out of Beowulf with some minor rewording, such as when the dragon stretches its neck out to sniff for intruders.[36] Likewise, Tolkien's descriptions of the lair as accessed through a secret passage mirror those in Beowulf. Other specific plot elements and features in The Hobbit that show similarities to Beowulf include the title of thief, as Bilbo is ced by Gollum and later by Smaug, and Smaug's personality, which leads to the destruction of Lake-town.[37] Tolkien refines parts of Beowulf's plot that he appears to have found less than satisfactorily described, such as details about the cup-thief and the dragon's intellect and personality.[38] Another influence from Old English sources is the appearance of d blades of ren, adorned with runes. In using his elf-blade Bilbo finy takes his first independent heroic . By his naming the blade "Sting" we see Bilbo's of the kinds of cultural and linguistic practices found in Beowulf, signifying his entrance into the ancient world in which he found himself.[39] This progression culminates in Bilbo stealing a cup from the dragon's hoard, rousing him to wrath—an incident directly mirroring Beowulf and an entirely determined by traditional narrative patterns. As Tolkien wrote, "The episode of the theft arose natury (and almost inevitably) from the circumstances. It is difficult to think of any other way of conducting the story at this point. I fancy the author of Beowulf would say much the same."[34] The of the wizard Radagast is taken from the of the Slavic deity Radogost.[40] The representation of the dwarves in The Hobbit was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts the Jewish people and their history.[41] The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their ancient land at the Lonely Mountain, and living among other groups whilst retaining their own culture are derived from the medieval image of Jews,[41][42] whilst their warlike nature stems from in the Hebrew Bible.[41] The Dwarvish calendar invented for The Hobbit reflects the Jewish calendar which begins in late autumn.[41] And although Tolkien denied that he used egory, the dwarves taking Bilbo out of his complacent existence has been seen as an eloquent metaphor for the "impoverishment of Western society without Jews."[42] Publication See also: English-language editions of The Hobbit Cover has stylized drags of mountain peaks with s on the tops and trees at the bottom. Dustcover of the first edition of The Hobbit, taken from a design by the author George en & Un published the first edition of The Hobbit on 21 September 1937 with a print run of 1,500 copies, which sold out by December because of enthusiastic reviews.[43] This first printing was illustrated in black and white by Tolkien, who designed the dust jacket as well. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and York reset type for an American edition, to be released early in 1938, in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. en & Un decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937.[44] Despite the book's popularity, paper rationing due to World War II and not ending until 1949 meant that the en & Un edition of the book was often unavailable during this period.[45] Subsequent editions in English were published in 1951, 1966, 1978 and 1995. Numerous English-language editions of The Hobbit have been produced by several publishers,[46] making it one of -selling books of time with over 100 copies sold by 2012.[47][48][49] In addition, The Hobbit has been translated into over sixty languages, with more than one published version for some languages.[50] Revisions In December 1937 The Hobbit's publisher, Stanley Un, asked Tolkien for a sequel. In response Tolkien provided drafts for The Silmarillion, but the editors rejected them, believing that the public wanted "more about hobbits".[51] Tolkien subsequently began work on The Hobbit, which would eventuy become The Lord of the Rings,[51] a course that would not change the context of the original story, but lead to substantial changes to the character of Gollum. In the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum willingly bets his magic ring on the outcome of the riddle-game, and he and Bilbo part amicably.[7] In the second edition edits, to reflect the concept of the One Ring and its corrupting abilities, Tolkien made Gollum more aggressive towards Bilbo and distraught at losing the ring. The encounter ends with Gollum's curse, "Thief! Thief, Thief, Baggins! We hates it, we hates it, we hates it forever!" This presages Gollum's portrayal in The Lord of the Rings.[52] Tolkien sent this revised version of the chapter "Riddles in the Dark" to Un as an example of the kinds of changes needed to bring the book into conity with The Lord of the Rings,[53] but he heard nothing back for years. When he was sent gey proofs of a edition, Tolkien was surprised to find the text had been incorporated.[54] In The Lord of the Rings, the original version of the riddle game is explained as a lie made up by Bilbo under the harmful influence of the Ring, whereas the revised version contains the "true" account.[55] The revised text became the second edition, published in 1951 in both the UK and the US.[56] Tolkien began a version in 1960, attempting to adjust the tone of The Hobbit to its sequel. He abandoned the revision at chapter three after he received criticism that it "just wasn't The Hobbit", implying it had lost much of its light-hearted tone and quick pace.[57] After an unauthorized paperback edition of The Lord of the Rings appeared from Ace Books in 1965, Houghton Mifflin and Bantine asked Tolkien to refresh the text of The Hobbit to re the US copyright.[58] This text became the 1966 third edition. Tolkien took the to align the narrative even more closely to The Lord of the Rings and to cosmological developments from his still unpublished Quenta Silmarillion as it stood at that time.[59] These sm edits included, for example, changing the phrase "elves that are ced Gnomes" from the first,[60] and second editions,[61] on page 63, to "High Elves of the West, my kin" in the third edition.[62] Tolkien had used "gnome" in his earlier writing to refer to the second kindred of the High Elves—the Noldor (or "Deep Elves")—thinking that "gnome", derived from the Greek gnosis (kledge), was a good for the wisest of the elves. However, because of its common denotation of a garden gnome, derived from the 16th-century Paracelsus, Tolkien abandoned the term.[63] He also changed "tomatoes" to "pickles" but retained other anachronisms, such as clocks and tobacco. In The Lord of the Rings, he has Merry explain that tobacco had been brought from the West by the Númenóreans. Posthumous critical editions Since the author's death, two critical editions of The Hobbit have been published, providing commentary on the creation, emendation and development of the text. In The Annotated Hobbit, Douglas Anderson provides the text of the published book alongside commentary and illustrations. Later editions added the text of "The Quest of Erebor". Anderson's commentary makes note of the sources Tolkien brought toher in preparing the text, and chronicles the changes Tolkien made to the published editions. The text is also accompanied by illustrations from foreign language editions, among them work by Tove Jansson.[64] With The History of The Hobbit, published in two parts in 2007, John D. Rateliff provides the full text of the earliest and intermediary drafts of the book, alongside commentary that shows relationships to Tolkien's scholarly and creative works, both contemporary and later. Rateliff provides the abandoned 1960s retelling and previously unpublished illustrations by Tolkien. The book separates commentary from Tolkien's text, og the reader to read the original drafts as self-contained stories.[31] Illustration and design Further ination: J. R. R. Tolkien's artwork Tolkien's correspondence and publisher's records show that he was involved in the design and illustration of the entire book. elements were the subject of considerable correspondence and fussing over by Tolkien. Rayner Un, in his publishing memoir, comments: "In 1937 alone Tolkien wrote 26 letters to George en & Un... detailed, fluent, often pungent, but infinitely polite and exasperatingly precise... I doubt any author , however famous, would such scrupulous attention."[65] See caption. Cirth runes and the English letter values assigned to them by Tolkien,[66] used in several of his original illustrations and designs for The Hobbit Even the maps, of which Tolkien originy proposed five, were considered and debated. He wished Thror's Map to be tipped in (that is, glued in after the book has been bound) at first mention in the text, and with the moon letter Cirth on the reverse so they could be seen when held up to the light.[45] In the end the , as well as the shading of the maps, which would be difficult to reproduce, resulted in the final design of two maps as endpapers, Thror's map, and the Map of Wilderland (see Rhovanion), both printed in black and red on the paper's cream background.[67] Originy en & Un planned to illustrate the book with the endpaper maps, but Tolkien's first tendered sketches so charmed the publisher's staff that they opted to include them without raising the book's despite the . Thus encouraged, Tolkien supplied a second batch of illustrations. The publisher accepted of these as well, giving the first edition ten black-and-white illustrations plus the two endpaper maps. The illustrated scenes were: The Hill: Hobbiton-across-the-Water, The Trolls, The Mountain Path, The Misty Mountains looking West from the Eyrie towards Goblin Gate, Beorn's H, Mirkwood, The Elvenking's Gate, Lake Town, The Front Gate, and The H at Bag-End. but one of the illustrations were a full page, and one, the Mirkwood illustration, required a separate plate.[68] Satisfied with his skills, the publishers asked Tolkien to design a dust jacket. This project, too, became the subject of many iterations and much correspondence, with Tolkien always writing disparagingly of his own ability to draw. The runic inscription around the edges of the illustration are a phonetic transliteration of English, giving the title of the book and details of the author and publisher.[69] The original jacket design contained several shades of various colours, but Tolkien redrew it several times using fewer colours each time. His final design consisted of four colours. The publishers, mindful of the , removed the red from the sun to end up with black, blue, and green ink on white stock.[70] The publisher's production staff designed a binding, but Tolkien objected to several elements. Through several iterations, the final design ended up as mostly the author's. The spine shows runes: two "þ" (Thráin and Thrór) runes and one "d" (door). The front and back covers were mirror images of each other, with an elongated dragon characteristic of Tolkien's style stamped along the lower edge, and with a sketch of the Misty Mountains stamped along the upper edge.[71] Once illustrations were approved for the book, Tolkien proposed colour plates as well. The publisher would not relent on this, so Tolkien pinned his hopes on the American edition to be published about six months later. Houghton Mifflin rewarded these hopes with the replacement of the frontispiece (The Hill: Hobbiton-across-the Water) in colour and the addition of colour plates: Rivendell, Bilbo Woke Up with the Early Sun in His Eyes, Bilbo comes to the Huts of the Raft-elves and Conversation with Smaug, which features a dwarvish curse written in Tolkien's invented script Tengwar, and signed with two "þ" ("Th") runes.[72] The additional illustrations proved so appealing that George en & Un adopted the colour plates as well for their second printing, with exception of Bilbo Woke Up with the Early Sun in His Eyes.[73] Different editions have been illustrated in diverse ways. Many follow the original scheme at least loosely, but many others are illustrated by other artists, especiy the many translated editions. Some cheaper editions, particularly paperback, are not illustrated except with the maps. "The Children's Book Club" edition of 1942 includes the black-and-white pictures but no maps, an anomaly.[74] Tolkien's use of runes, both as decorative devices and as magical signs within the story, has been cited as a major cause for the popularization of runes within " Age" and esoteric literature,[75] stemming from Tolkien's popularity with the elements of counter-culture in the 1970s.[76] Genre The Hobbit takes cues from narrative models of children's literature, as shown by its omniscient narrator and characters that young children can relate to, such as the sm, food-obsessed, and mory ambiguous Bilbo. The text emphasizes the relationship between time and narrative progress and it openly distinguishes "safe" from "dangerous" in its geography. Both are key elements of works intended for children,[77] as is the "-away-" (or there and back again) plot structure typical of the Bildungsroman.[78] While Tolkien later claimed to dislike the aspect of the narrative voice addressing the reader directly,[79] the narrative voice contributes significantly to the of the novel.[80] Emer O'Sullivan, in her Comparative Children's Literature, notes The Hobbit as one of a handful of children's books that have been accepted into mainstream literature, alongside Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World (1991) and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series (1997–2007).[81] Tolkien intended The Hobbit as a "fairy-story" and wrote it in a tone suited to addressing children[82] although he said later that the book was not specificy written for children but had rather been created out of his interest in mythology and legend.[83] Many of the initial reviews refer to the work as a fairy story. However, according to Jack Zipes writing in The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales, Bilbo is an atypical character for a fairy tale.[84] The work is much longer than Tolkien's ideal proposed in his essay On Fairy-Stories. Many fairy tale motifs, such as the repetition of similar events seen in the dwarves' arrival at Bilbo's and Beorn's s, and folklore themes, such as trolls turning to stone, are to be found in the story.[85] The book is popularly ced (and often marketed as) a fantasy novel, but like Peter Pan and Wendy by J. M. Barrie and The Princess and the Goblin by George MacDonald, both of which influenced Tolkien and contain fantasy elements, it is primarily identified as being children's literature.[86][87] The two genres are not mutuy exclusive, so some definitions of high fantasy include works for children by authors such as L. Frank Baum and Lloyd Alexander alongside the works of Gene Wolfe and Jonathan Swift, which are more often considered adult literature. The Hobbit has been ced "the most popular of twentieth-century fantasies written for children".[88] Jane , however, considers the book to be a children's novel in the sense that it appeals to the child in an adult reader.[89] Sullivan credits the first publication of The Hobbit as an important step in the development of high fantasy, and further credits the 1960s paperback debuts of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings as essential to the creation of a mass market for fiction of this kind as well as the fantasy genre's current status.[26] Style Further ination: Tolkien's style and Quests in Middle-earth Tolkien's prose is unpretentious and straightforward, taking as given the existence of his imaginary world and describing its details in a matter-of-fact way, while often introducing the and in an almost casual manner. This down-to-earth style, also found in later fantasy such as Richard Adams' Watership Down and Peter Beagle's The Last Unicorn, accepts readers into the fictional world, rather than cajoling or attempting to convince them of its reality.[90] While The Hobbit is written in a simple, friendly language, each of its characters has a unique voice. The narrator, who occasiony interrupts the narrative flow with asides (a device common to both children's and Anglo-Saxon literature),[26] has his own linguistic style separate from those of the main characters.[91] The basic of the story is that of a quest,[92] told in episodes. For the most part of the book, each chapter introduces a different denizen of the Wilderland, some helpful and friendly towards the protagonists, and others threatening or dangerous. However the general tone is kept light-hearted, being interspersed with songs and humour. One example of the use of song to maintain tone is when Thorin and Company are kidnapped by goblins, who, when marching them into the underworld, sing: Clap! Snap! the black crack! Grip, grab! Pinch, nab! And down down to Goblin-town You go, my lad! This onomatopoeic singing undercuts the dangerous scene with a sense of humour. Tolkien achieves balance of humour and danger through other means as well, as seen in the foolishness and Cockney dialect of the trolls and in the drunkenness of the elven captors.[93] The general —that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs—may be follog the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.[94] [image in footer dar devider] [small logotype footer Expert Modern Advice]( ExpertModernAdvice.com is sending this newsletter on behalf Inception Media Group. This editorial email with educational news was sent to {EMAIL}. 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