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“𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔.” — 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑠“𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦.” — 𝘍𝘰𝘳𝘣𝘦𝘴, 𝘊𝘕𝘕, 𝘕𝘢𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 [Main Logotype (Dark Green) | EMA]( ["Tеslа Кіllеr" locks up ВІLLІОNS in funding]( [Elon musk crying on the TV Show (60 minutes)]( 👉[This tiny stock could soar past Tesla… and make its early investors VERY RІСН. Сlісk to learn more...]( Alex Reid, Founder and Investment Director, Wealthpin The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is ced pau-brasil, with the word brasil comm given the etymology "red like an ember", ed from brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium). As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commerciy exploited product from Brazil. Throughout the th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods. The official Portuguese of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz), but European sailors and merchants comm ced it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventuy supplanted the official Portuguese . Some early sailors ced it the "Land of Parrots". In the Guaraní language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is ced "Pindorama". This was the the indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees". History Main article: History of Brazil For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Brazilian history. Pre-Cabraline era See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Marajoara culture Rock art at Serra da Capivara National Park, one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the Americas Some of the earliest remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of habitation going back at least , years. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to , years ago ( BC). The pottery was found near Santarém and provides evidence that the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture. The Marajoara culture flourished on Marajó in the Amazon delta from AD to , developing sophisticated pottery, social stratification, large populations, mound building, and complex social ations such as chiefdoms. Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of , mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The indigenous population of Brazil comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the Tupis, Guaranis, Gês, and Arawaks). The Tupi people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás, and there were also many subdivisions of the other groups. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs. These wars also involved large-scale military ions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war. While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more over time than assigned in sion ceremonies and conventions. Slavery among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations. Portuguese colonization Pedro Álvares Cabral landing in Porto Seguro in , ushering in more than years of Portuguese rule Tiradentes, who led the separatist movement Inconfidência Mineira, was sentenced to death in . Execution of the Punishment of the Whip by Jean-Baptiste Debret. Nearly enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil during the Atlantic slave trade, more than any country. Main articles: Colonial Brazil and Portuguese Empire See also: Slavery in Brazil, War of the Emboabas, and Minas Gerais Conspiracy Following the Treaty of Tordesillas, the land ced Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on April , with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several ethnic societies, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family and fought among themselves. Though the first settlement was founded in , colonization effectively began in , when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous captaincies. However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved atic, and in the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governo General of Brazil in the city of Salvador, which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America. In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic iances in to gain advantages against each other. By the mid-th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export, while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the slave market of Western Africa (not those from Portuguese ies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import, to cope with sugarcane plantations, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar. Brazil received more than slaves from Africa between the years of to . By the end of the th century, sugarcane exports began to decline and the discovery of by bandeirantes in the s would become the backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a rush which attred of settlers to Brazil from Portugal and Portuguese colonies around the world. This increased level of immigration in turn caused some conflicts between comers and old settlers. Portuguese expeditions kn as bandeiras graduy expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers in South America to its approximately current bs. In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the s, in Maranhão during the s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union. The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate s of slave rebellion and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares, and to repress movements for autonomy or independence, such as the Minas Gerais Conspiracy. Elevation to kingdom Main article: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves See also: Invasion of Portugal and Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil The Acclamation of King João VI of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in Rio de Janeiro, February In late , Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent John, in the of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. There they established some of Brazil's first institutions, such as its local stock exchanges and its National , additiony ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In , in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ed the conquest of French Guiana. With the end of the Peninsular War in , the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In , to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see Liberal Revolution of ). In , acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto, John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. Independent empire Main articles: Independence of Brazil and Empire of Brazil Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Prince Pedro (later Emperor Pedro I) on September Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the Portuguese Cortes, guided by the political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on September . A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil, with the royal title of Dom Pedro I, resulting in the founding of the Empire of Brazil. The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the Cisplatina province. The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on March ; Portugal officiy recognized Brazilian independence on August . On April , worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the sion of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown after abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the royal title of Dom Pedro II). Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil between and As the Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a regency was set up by the National Assembly. In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a mode face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfion with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and ly independent nation state. This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco, was overcome at the end of the s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in . During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in , as a result of the British Aberdeen and the Eusébio de Queirós Law, but in May , after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and dismantling of slavery in the country, was the institution y abolished with the approval of the en Law. The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy t with issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with whom Brazil had bs. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in the independence of Uruguay, Brazil three international wars during the -year reign of Pedro II. These were the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history. Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's of government, on November , in disagreement with the majority of the Imperial Army officers, as well as with rural and elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup. A few days later, the national flag was replaced with a design that included the national motto "Ordem e Progresso", influenced by positivism. November is Republic Day, a national holiday. Early republic Proclamation of the Republic, , oil on canvas by Benedito Calixto úlio Vargas (center) during the Revolution of Brazilian soldiers in Massarosa, Italy, September . Brazilian Expeditionary Force was the largest Latin American military force in World War II. Main articles: First Brazilian Republic, Vargas Era, and Second Brazilian Republic The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. dom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power. Not until , following an economic crisis and a military one, did civilians take power, remaining there until October . If in relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance charerized by a s in resolving b disputes with neighboring countries, broken by the Acre War (–) and its involvement in World War I (–), followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations; Interny, from the crisis of Encilhamento and the Navy Revolts, a prolonged cycle of , political and social instability began until the s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian and military. Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate úlio Vargas, supported by most of the military, sfully led the Revolution of . Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters. In the s, three failed attempts to Vargas and his supporters from power occurred. The first was the Constitutionalist Revolution in , led by the São Paulo's oligarchy. The second was a Communist uprising in November , and the last one a putsch attempt by local fascists in May . The uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The coup d'état resulted in the cancellation of the election and alized Vargas as dictator, beginning the Estado Novo era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased. Throughout World War II, Brazil remained neutral until August , when the country suffered retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a stgic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered the war on the ied side. In addition to its participation in the battle of the Atlantic, Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian campaign. With the ied victory in and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it years earlier. Vargas committed suicide in August amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in . Contemporary era Main articles: Military dictatorship in Brazil and History of Brazil since Construction of the building of National Congress of Brazil in Brasília, the capital, , during the Juscelino Kubitschek administration Ms along the Avenida Presidente Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, in April , during the military dictatorship Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide. Juscelino Kubitschek became president in and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that owed him to govern without major crises. The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably, but his est achievement was the construction of the capital city of Brasília, inaugud in . Kubitschek's sor, Jânio Quadros, resigned in less than a year after taking office. His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition and was deposed in April by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship. The regime was intended to be transitory but graduy closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional in . Oppression was not to those who resorted to guerrilla tics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other s of civil society, inside and outside the country through the infamous "Operation Condor". Like other brutal authoritarian regimes, due to an economic boom, kn as the "economic ", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early s. Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas, plus the inability to with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Ernesto Geisel and Golbery do Couto e Silva. With the enment of the Amnesty Law in , Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed during the s. Civilians returned to power in when José Sarney assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and hyperinflation he inherited from the military regime. Sarney's unsful government led to the election in of the almost-unkn Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in . Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso Minister of . In , Cardoso produced a highly sful Plano Real, that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finy stabilized the Brazilian economy. Cardoso the election, and again in . The peaceful transition of power from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (elected in and re-elected in ), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability. However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, police brutality, inefficiencies of the political establishment and public service, numerous peaceful protests erupted in Brazil from the middle of first term of Dilma Rousseff, who had succeeded Lula after election in and again in by narrow margins. Ulysses Guimarães holding the Constitution of in his hands Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress in , halfway into her second term, and replaced by her Vice-president Michel Temer, who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on August. Large street protests for and against her took place during the impeachment process. The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians (from the primary political parties) in several bribery and tax evasion schemes.[citation needed] In , the Supreme Court requested the investigation of Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President Michel Temer's cabinet who were egedly linked to the Petrobras corruption scandal. President Temer himself was also accused of corruption. According to a poll, of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest . In the fiercely disputed elections, the controversial conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) was elected president, in the second round Fernando Haddad, of the Workers Party (PT), with the support of . of the valid votes. In the early s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the - pandemic, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States. Experts have largely blamed the situation on the leadership of President Bolsonaro, who throughout the pandemic has repeatedly downplayed the threat of - and dissuaded states and cities from enforcing quarantine measures, prioritizing the nation's economy. Geography Main article: Geography of Brazil Topographic map of Brazil Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land bs with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suri and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. It shares a b with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, cate, and natural resources make Brazil geographicy diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes °N and °S, and longitudes ° and °W. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of ,,. km (,, sq mi), including , km (, sq mi) of water. North to South, Brazil is also the longest country in the world, spanning , km (, mi) from north to south, and the country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Caorn running through it. It spans four time zones; from UTC− comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC− in the western states, to UTC− in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC− in the Atlantic islands. Topography and hydrography See also: List of rivers of Brazil Serra dos Órgãos National Park, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro state Xingó canyon in São Francisco River, Delmiro Gouveia, Alagoas Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between meters ( ft) and meters (, ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to , meters (, ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar. In the north, the Guiana Highlands a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at , meters (, ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, of which drain into the Atlantic. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Fs), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers. Climate Main article: Climate of Brazil Brazil map of Köppen climate classification zones The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to tempe coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. An equatorial climate charerizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain fs. Temperatures average °C ( °F), with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons. Over central Brazil rainf is more seasonal, chareristic of a savanna climate. This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude. In the interior northeast, seasonal rainf is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region genery receives less than millimeters (. in) of rain, most of which genery fs in a period of three to five months of the year and occasiony less than this, creating long periods of drought. Brazil's – Grande Seca ( Drought), the worst in Brazil's history, caused approximately half a deaths. A similarly devastating drought occurred in . South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainf changes, with rain fing throughout the year. The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding °C (. °F); winter frosts and sf are not rare in the highest areas. In the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gases emissions by by . It also set as indicative tar of reaching carbon neutrality by if the country s . Biodiversity and conservation Main articles: Wild of Brazil, Deforestation in Brazil, Conservation in Brazil, and Protected areas of Brazil The majority of Amazon rainforest, the most biodiverse rainforest in the world, is contained within Brazil, with of the forest. Female pantanal jaguar in Piquirí River, Mato Grosso. Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland area. The wild of Brazil comprises natury occurring animals, plants, and fungi in the South American country. to of the Amazon Rainforest, which s for approximately one-tenth of species in the world, Brazil is considered to have the est biodiversity of any country on the planet, containing over of animal and plant species catalogued. It has the most kn species of plants (,), freshwater fish (,), and mammals (over ). It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most bird species (,) and second with the most reptile species . The number of fungal species is unkn but is large. Brazil is second to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species. Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the est biological diversity in the world, with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the est biodiversity. In the south, the Araucaria moist forests grow under tempe conditions. The rich wild of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four , mostly invertebs. Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests. Annuy, Brazil's tropical old-growth forest loss ly exceeds that of other world nations. Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested or highly degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation. More than one-fifth of the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than mammals are endangered. The threat of extinction comes from several sources, including deforestation and poaching. Extinction is even more atic in the Atlantic Forest, where nearly of the forest has been cleared. Of the endangered animals in Brazil, are in the Atlantic Forest. The Amazon rainforest has been under direct threat of deforestation since the s because of rapid economic and demographic expansion. Extensive and il logging destroy forests the size of a sm country , and with it a diverse series of species through habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation. Since , over , square kilometers (, sq mi) of the Amazon Rainforest have been cleared by logging. By , however, Brazil's "dramatic policy-driven reduction in Amazon Basin deforestation" was a "global exception in of forest change", according to scientific journal Science.:   From to , compared to other countries in the world, Brazil had the "largest decline in annual forest loss", as indicated in the study using high-resolution satellite maps showing global forest cover changes,:   reversing widespread deforestation from the s to .:   In , preserved native veation occupies of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied of the national territory and pastures .. In of comparison, in , although of the entire European continent has forests, of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest. Brazil has a strong interest in conservation as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests. Government and politics Main articles: Politics of Brazil, Federal government of Brazil, and Elections in Brazil National Congress, seat of the legislative branch The of government is a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second sive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government. Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. In , the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index categorized Brazil as a "flawed democracy", ranking th in the report, and dom House classified it as a country at dom in the World report. The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities. The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of beings, the social values of labor and dom of enterprise, and political pluralism. Palácio do Planalto, the official workplace of the President of Brazil The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are y established by the Constitution. The executive and legislative are organized independently in three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. s of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected. For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, with proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the lite between and years old and optional for illites and those between and or beyond . The country has more than ive political parties. Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. Law Main article: Law of Brazil Supreme Federal Court of Brazil serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. Brazilian law is based on the civil law system and civil law concepts prevail over common law . Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams. The system is based on the Federal Constitution, promulgated on October , and the fundamental law of Brazil. other legislation and court decisions must con to its rules. As of July , there have been amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which in a similar way to constitutions. Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may en norms. Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution ows the Federal Senate to pass on judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court. This system has been criticized over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings. Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube. In December , the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to in the daily ions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them. [Small logotype (EMA)]( ExpertModernAdvice.com brought to you by Inception Media Group. ІMG appreciates your comments and inquiries. Please keep in mind, that Inception Media Group are not permitted to provide іndivіdualіzed financial advіse. This email is not fіnаncіаl аdvіcе and any іnvеstmеnt decision you make is solely your responsibility. Feel frее to contact us toll frее Domestic/International: +17072979173 Mon–Fri, 9am–5pm ET, or email us support@expertmodernadvice.com. [Unsubscrіbe]( to stop receiving mаrkеtіng communication from us. 312 W 2nd St Casper, WY 82601 2023 IMG Group. AІІ rights reserved [Unsubscrіbe](