“Dear Joe, please don’t let us freeze” 🥶

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛’𝑠𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠– 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑠𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎… [Main logotype Expert Modern Advice](       Friends… On October 27, the CEO of New England’s largest energy company sent a desperate letter to the White House. "This represents a serious public health and safety threat," Eversource CEO Joe Nolan wrote in a letter to President Joe Biden. He then begged Joe Biden to use the federal government's emergency powers to make sure natural gas will be available in New England this winter. There’s only one problem. There’s nothing Biden or anyone can do at this point. All available natural gas is on its way to Europe. [video preview]( When large parts of New England go dark and freeze this winter, a lot of people will call it a shocking natural disaster. Or they’ll say it was because Russia invaded Ukraine. But cities don’t go dark and freeze in the wealthiest country in the world by accident. My name is Porter Stansberry. I’m the founder of one of the world’s largest financial research firms. I’ve spent the last two years researching this coming crisis. I’ve been writing about it in my newsletter, The Big Secret on Wall Street, since June… And now that this crisis is set to unfold, exactly the way I’ve been predicting, I’ve uploaded an eye-opening video that tells the whole sordid tale. I name names in it. And I reveal who caused this crisis, and why… Do yourself a favor. Before it’s taken offline – which could happen at any time – check out this [shocking video](. I’ve seen in the past just how far powerful people will go to silence me. Sincerely, Porter Stansberry P.S. In the video, about halfway through, I reveal a way you could make 10-50x returns on an American energy company that’s set to go up like a moonshot if the lights go out in Boston this winter… Don’t miss this: [CLICK HERE](.     Prehistory and antiquity Main articles: Prehistoric Mongolia and Proto-Mongols The Khoit Tsenkher Cave in Khovd Province shows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to , years ago) of mammoths, lynx, bactrian camels, and ostriches, earning it the nickname "the Lascaux of Mongolia". The Venus figurines of Mal'ta (, years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is part of . Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. – BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age Afanasevo culture (– BC); this Indo-European culture was active to the Khangai Mountains in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before BC. Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later Okunev culture (nd millennium BC), Andronovo culture (– BC) and Karasuk culture (– BC), culminating with the Iron Age Xiongnu Empire in BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include deer stones, keregsur kurgans, square slab tombs, and rock paintings. Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the Copper Age has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is Mongolia, and as europoid in the west. Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about , years old, was a - to -year-old man with blond hair; it was found in the Altai, Mongolia. As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the Eurasian Steppe also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. the Guifang, Shanrong, and Donghu) into China during the Shang dynasty (– BC) and Zhou dynasty (– BC) presaged the age of nomadic empires. th-century artifacts found km ( mi) from Ulaanbaatar. Since prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of the Khan, the Kurultai (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (Keshig) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, the Xiongnu of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by Modu Shanyu to a confederation in BC they emerged as the greatest threat to the Qin Dynasty, forcing the latter to construct the Wall of China. It was guarded by up to almost , soldiers during Marshal Meng Tian's tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire ( BC– AD) was followed by the Mongolic Xianbei empire (– AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (–), of Xianbei provenance was the first to use "Khagan" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the Göktürks (–) whose empire was even bigger. The Göktürks laid siege to Panticapaeum, present-day Kerch, in . They were succeeded by the Uyghur Khaganate (–) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic Khitans, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao Dynasty (–), after which the Khamag Mongol (–) rose to prominence. Lines – of the memorial inscription of Bilge Khagan (–) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of the Khagans: In battles they subdued the nations of four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were Their servants were wise andtoo. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire), Avar (Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire), Kirgiz, Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars, Khitans, Tatabis came to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the Khagans. They were famous Khagans. Middle Ages to early th century Main articles: Mongol Empire, Mongolia under Yuan rule, Northern Yuan dynasty, Dzungar Khanate, and Mongolia under Qing rule See also: List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans, List of Mongol states, and List of Mongol rulers Mongol Empire expansion ( till ) – Mongol invasions of Europe Map of Asia This map shows the boundary of the th-century Mongol Empire compared to Mongols. The red area shows where the majority of Mongolian speakers reside . The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent. In the chaos of the late th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and the Altai Mountains. In , he took the title Genghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east, and from parts of Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south, covering some ,, square kilometres (,, sq mi), ( of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of Pax Mongolica also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height. After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or Khanates. These eventually became quasi-independent after the Toluid Civil War (–), which broke out in a battle for power following Möngke Khan's death in . One of the khanates, the " Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and most of modern-day China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in , and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming the Northern Yuan dynasty. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers from China proper, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. With the division of the Mongol tribes, it was subsequently also known as "The Forty and the Four" (Döčin dörben) among them. The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid Oirats, as well as by several Ming invasions (such as the five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor). Genghis Khan, the first Mongol Emperor In the early th century, Dayan Khan and his khatun Mandukhai reunited the entire Mongol nation under the Genghisids. In the mid-th century, Altan Khan of the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He founded Hohhot in . After he met with the Dalai Lama in , he ordered the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred.) Abtai Khan of the Khalkha converted to Buddhism and founded the Erdene Zuu monastery in . His grandson Zanabazar became the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu in . Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of their ger (yurt). Mongolian nobles donated land, and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power. The last Khagan of Mongols was Ligden Khan in the early th century. He came into conflicts with the Manchus over the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in . By most Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in , thus bringing of Mongolia under Manchu rule. After several Dzungar–Qing Wars, the Dzungars (western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in and . Altan Khan (–) founded the city of Hohhot, helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of Dalai Lama Some scholars estimate that about of the , or more Dzungar were destroyed by a combination of disease and warfare. Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu of Mongolia had immense de facto authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to the Volga steppes in became known as Kalmyks. The main trade route during this period was the Tea Road through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every to kilometres ( to mi), each of which was staffed by – chosen families. Until , the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. Ambans, Manchu "high officials", were installed in Khüree, Uliastai, and Khovd, and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behaviour of Mongolia's nobility, together with usurious practices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By there were large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their , monks made up of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (tamgatai khutuktu), in Outer Mongolia. Modern history Main articles: Mongolian Revolution of , Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, Mongolian Revolution of , Mongolian People's Republic, Mongolian Revolution of , and History of modern Mongolia The eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, Bogd Khaan Map of unified Mongolia in With the fall of the Qing dynasty in , Mongolia under the Bogd Khaan declared its independence. But the newly established Republic of China considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China, considered the republic to be the successor of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in , the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid.[d] The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former Outer Mongolia during the Qing period. In , after the October Revolution in , Chinese troops led by warlord Xu Shuzheng occupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of the n Civil War, the White n Lieutenant General Baron Ungern led his troops into Mongolia in October , defeating the Chinese forces in Niislel Khüree ( Ulaanbaatar) in early February with Mongol support. To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern, Bolshevik decided to support the establishment of a communist Mongolian government and army. This Mongolian army took the Mongolian part of Kyakhta from Chinese forces on March , and on July, n and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on July . As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades. Mongolian People's Republic In , after the Bogd Khaan died of laryngeal cancer or, as some sources claim, at the hands of n spies, the country's political system was changed. The Mongolian People's Republic was established. In , Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (–) included many with Pan-Mongolist ideals. However, changing global politics and increased Soviet pressure led to the decline of Pan-Mongol aspirations in the following period. Khorloogiin Choibalsan led Mongolia during the Stalinist era and presided over an environment of intense political persecution Khorloogiin Choibalsan instituted collectivization of livestock, began the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and carried out Stalinist purges, which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the th century, about monasteries were functioning in Mongolia. In , the Soviet Union stopped Buryat migration to the Mongolian People's Republic to prevent Mongolian reunification. leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Stalin's demands to perform Red Terror against Mongolians were executed, including Peljidiin Genden and Anandyn Amar. The Stalinist purges in Mongolia, which began in , killed more than , people. Choibalsan died suspiciously in the Soviet Union in . Comintern leader Bohumír Å meral said, "People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany".[page needed] Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at Khalkhin Gol, After the Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria in , Mongolia was threatened on this front. During the Soviet-Japanese Border War of , the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in and during the Soviet–Japanese War in August to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and Mengjiang. Cold War The February Yalta Conference provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the Pacific War. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. The referendum took place on October , with (according to official numbers) of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on October . However, the Republic of China used its Security Council veto in , to the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognizedl of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the time the Republic of China ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearlythe other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on October . (see China and the United Nations) Mongolian Premier Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was the longest-serving leader in the Soviet Bloc, with over years in office On January , Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal took power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. Tsedenbal was the leading political figure in Mongolia for more than years. While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August , his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with Jambyn Batmönkh. Post-Cold War The fall of the Soviet Union in strongly influenced Mongolian politics and youth. Its people undertook the peaceful Democratic Revolution in January and the introduction of a multi-party system and a market economy. At the same time, the transformation of the former Marxist-Leninist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party to the current social democratic Mongolian People's Party reshaped the country's political landscape. A constitution was introduced in , and the term "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's . The transition to a market economy was often rocky; during the early s the country had to with high inflation and food shortages. The first election victories for non-communist parties came in (presidential elections) and (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and granting it observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Geography and climate Main article: Geography of Mongolia The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous. At ,, km (, sq mi), Mongolia is the world's th-largest country (after Iran). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes ° and °N (a small area is north of °), and longitudes ° and °E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon (Canada), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is . kilometres (. mi) from Kazakhstan. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland steppe, with forested areas accounting for of the total land area, a higher percentage than Ireland (). The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif in the far west at , m (, ft). The basin of the Uvs Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in , is a natural World Heritage Site. Climate Main articles: Climate of Mongolia and Climate change in Mongolia Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has over sunny days a year. Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification zones. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as − °C (− °F). A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of temperature inversion (temperature increases with altitude). The Khentii Mountains in Terelj, close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan. In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the Siberian Anticyclone. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province (Ulaangom), western Khovsgol (Rinchinlhumbe), eastern Zavkhan (Tosontsengel), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province (Dalanzadgad, Khanbogd) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province (Tsetserleg) and northern Ovorkhangai Province (Arvaikheer) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. The Khangai Mountains play a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under − °C (− °F) while daytime January temperatures often reach °C ( °F) to °C ( °F). The country is occasional harsh climatic conditions known as zud. Zud, a natural disaster unique to Mongolia, results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −. °C (. °F), making it the world's coldest capital city. Mongolia is high, cold and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north (average of to millimeters ( to in)) and lowest in the south, which receives to millimeters ( to in) annually. The highest annual precipitation of . mm (. in) occurred in the forests of Bulgan Province near the border with and the lowest of . mm (. in) occurred in the Gobi Desert (period –). The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages mm ( in) in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (. mm or . in) or Berlin ( mm or . in). Environmental issues This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in Mongolia.[edit] The Gobi Desert, Ömnögovi Province. Desertification is a key issue in Mongolia. There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both and environmental wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of actions. One of these issues is climate change, which will be responsible for an increase in desertification, natural disasters, and land degradation. Another is deforestation, which is expanding due to recklessness, pests, disease, and fires. Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification, a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible land use. Additionally, more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction. Moreover, especially in population centers, Mongolians with air and water pollution caused by industrialization. Wildlife Main article: Wildlife of Mongolia Bactrian camels by sand dunes in Gobi Desert. Mongolian steppe The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support marmots but with enough to support camels. Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive. The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to the rain shadow effect caused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils. Tadpole shrimps (Lepidurus mongolicus) are still found in the Gobi . The eastern part of Mongolia including the Onon and Kherlen rivers and Lake Buir part of the Amur river basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (cambaroides dauricus) and Daurian pearl oyster (dahurinaia dahurica) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (exopalaemon modestus) in Lake Buir. Mongolia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean of ./, ranking it sixth globally out of countries.   ExpertModernAdvice.com brought to you by Inception Media Group. This editorial email with educational news was sent to {EMAIL}. IMG appreciates your comments and inquiries. Please keep in mind, that Inception Media Group are not permitted to provide individualized financial аdvіsе. This email is not financial advice and any investment decіsіоn you make is solely your responsibility. 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