Neuron: February 21, 2018 (Volume 97, Issue 4)

[Cell press]( [Facebook]( [Twitter]( [Youtube]( [Google Plus]( [Weibo]( [Issue cover]( [Feb 21, 2018]( Vol. 97, Iss. 4 [Website]( [Table of Contents]( [Online Now]( [Archive]( Highlights Announcements --------------------------------------------------------------- [Free Webinar – Super-Resolution Microscopy: New Frontiers in Imaging]( Speakers: Joerg Bewersdorf, Yale University & Valentin Nägerl, University of Bordeaux February 21, 2018, 12 pm EST Claim your free registration for live or on-demand access today! [Click here to register.]( [Free Webinar – Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Interactions, Function, & Disease]( Speakers: Cliff Brangwynne, Michael K. Rosen, & Nicolas Lux Fawzi March 15, 2018, 1:00 pm EST Claim your free registration for live or on-demand access today! [Click here to register.]( [Check out the latest jobs in the life sciences on the Cell Career Network]( Featured Article --------------------------------------------------------------- [Small Networks Encode Decision-Making in Primary Auditory Cortex]( Nikolas A. Francis, Daniel E. Winkowski, Alireza Sheikhattar, Kevin Armengol, Behtash Babadi, Patrick O. Kanold Featured Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy]( Clare Baecher-Allan, Belinda J. Kaskow, Howard L. Weiner Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neural Population Dynamics Underlying Motor Learning Transfer]( Vyas et al. [α-Actinin Anchors PSD-95 at Postsynaptic Sites]( Matt et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Universal CaM Switch Changes the Kv7 Channel]( In this video, [Chang, Abderemane-Ali, Minor et al.]( describe their recent studies uncovering a universal mechanism by which an Apo/CaM clamp and a C-lobe-driven switch control Kv7 function. [Hypothalamic Circuits for Predation and Evasion]( Predation and evasion are matters of life and death for both predator and prey, but the underlying neural circuits remain poorly defined. In this video, [Li et al.]( show that the inhibitory and excitatory projections from the lateral hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray drive predation and evasion, respectively. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Autoantibodies Hurt: Transfer of Patient-Derived CASPR2 Antibodies Induces Neuropathic Pain in Mice]( Matthew A. Hunt, Diana S.M. Nascimento, Alex Bersellini Farinotti, Camilla I. Svensson In this issue of Neuron, Dawes et al. (2018) show that CASPR2 antibodies (Abs) isolated from patients bind specifically to primary afferent cell bodies and induce neuropathic pain in mice. Consequent decreased expression of Kv1 channels and their aberrant localization along myelinated axons explain the observed hyperexcitability and pain. [Everything in Its Right Place: A Prefrontal-Midbrain Circuit for Contextual Fear Discrimination]( Olena Bukalo, Andrew Holmes In this issue of Neuron, Rozeske et al. (2018) use an ingenuous behavioral paradigm to change pertinent sensory stimuli defining a given context to interrogate how the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) interact during contextual fear discrimination. [Causal Evidence for a Neural Component of Spatially Global Hemodynamic Signals]( Kathrin Müsch, Christopher J. Honey In this issue Neuron, Turchi et al. (2018) reversibly inactivate the basal forebrain to show that this region magnifies global neocortical signal fluctuations without altering the topography of canonical resting-state networks. Thus, spatially diffuse signals in functional neuroimaging data may track large-scale neuromodulatory state changes in the primate brain. [Untangling Neural Representations in the Motor Cortex]( Andrew Jackson How the brain generates accurate movement is a long-standing problem in neuroscience. In this issue of Neuron, Russo et al. (2018) argue that population activity in motor cortex does not represent muscle patterns but rather untangled neural trajectories that are robust to noise. Spotlight --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Spotlight on Appetite]( Lisa R. Beutler, Zachary A. Knight Remarkably few hormones have been identified that stimulate appetite. The recent discovery of asprosin, a hormone that activates AgRP neurons to increase food intake and body weight, begins to fill this gap (Duerrschmid et al.; Romere et al.). Reviews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy]( Clare Baecher-Allan, Belinda J. Kaskow, Howard L. Weiner Baecher-Allan et al. describe their latest understanding of the immunopathogenesis of MS, which is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors. Delineation of the immune process in MS has led to multiple disease-modifying therapies that are in wide use. [Neuromodulation of Attention]( Alexander Thiele, Mark A. Bellgrove Open Access Attention is a critical function that sculpts neuronal processing to benefit perception, decision making, and action. This review by Thiele and Bellgrove provides a state-of-the-art perspective on the contributions of different neuromodulators to the effects of attention on neuronal activity. Reports --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Subpopulation of Striatal Neurons Mediates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia]( Allison E. Girasole, Matthew Y. Lum, Diane Nathaniel, Chloe J. Bair-Marshall, Casey J. Guenthner, Liqun Luo, Anatol C. Kreitzer, Alexandra B. Nelson Girasole et al. use the FosTRAP system to capture and manipulate populations associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) brain-wide. They show that a subset of striatal neurons is necessary and sufficient in the production of LID. [Retrograde Signaling from Progranulin to Sort1 Counteracts Synapse Elimination in the Developing Cerebellum]( Naofumi Uesaka, Manabu Abe, Kohtarou Konno, Maya Yamazaki, Kazuto Sakoori, Takaki Watanabe, Tzu-Huei Kao, Takayasu Mikuni, Masahiko Watanabe, Kenji Sakimura, Masanobu Kano Neural circuits are sculpted by eliminating redundant synapses and strengthening necessary connections depending on retrograde signals from postsynaptic neurons. Uesaka et al. demonstrate that progranulin, a multi-functional growth factor implicated in frontotemporal dementia, mediates retrograde signaling to counteract synapse elimination. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Immune or Genetic-Mediated Disruption of CASPR2 Causes Pain Hypersensitivity Due to Enhanced Primary Afferent Excitability]( John M. Dawes, Greg A. Weir, Steven J. Middleton, Ryan Patel, Kim I. Chisholm, Philippa Pettingill, Liam J. Peck, Joseph Sheridan, Akila Shakir, Leslie Jacobson, Maria Gutierrez-Mecinas, Jorge Galino, Jan Walcher, Johannes Kühnemund, Hannah Kuehn, Maria D. Sanna, Bethan Lang, Alex J. Clark, Andreas C. Themistocleous, Noboru Iwagaki, Steven J. West, Karolina Werynska, Liam Carroll, Teodora Trendafilova, David A. Menassa, Maria Pia Giannoccaro, Ester Coutinho, Ilaria Cervellini, Damini Tewari, Camilla Buckley, M. Isabel Leite, Hendrik Wildner, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer, Elior Peles, Andrew J. Todd, Stephen B. McMahon, Anthony H. Dickenson, Gary R. Lewin, Angela Vincent, David L. Bennett Open Access Dawes et al. show that CASPR2, the target of an autoimmune pain disorder, regulates sensory function through tuning of primary afferent excitability. Human autoantibodies to CASPR2 cause pain-related hypersensitivity and enhance DRG cell excitability through reduced Kv1 channel function. [Synaptogyrin-3 Mediates Presynaptic Dysfunction Induced by Tau]( Joseph McInnes, Keimpe Wierda, An Snellinx, Laura Bounti, Yu-Chun Wang, Ilie-Cosmin Stancu, Nuno Apóstolo, Kris Gevaert, Ilse Dewachter, Tara L. Spires-Jones, Bart De Strooper, Joris De Wit, Lujia Zhou, Patrik Verstreken Tau mislocalizes to presynaptic terminals in human disease conditions. Here McInnes et al. show that interaction between Tau and the presynaptic vesicle protein Synaptogyrin-3 restricts synaptic vesicle mobility, driving defects in neurotransmission in fly and mouse models of Tauopathy. [A Calmodulin C-Lobe Ca2+-Dependent Switch Governs Kv7 Channel Function]( Aram Chang, Fayal Abderemane-Ali, Greg L. Hura, Nathan D. Rossen, Rachel E. Gate, Daniel L. Minor Jr. Chang and Abderemane-Ali et al. define a unified framework for calmodulin (CaM) control of Kv7 (KCNQ) channels, important in the brain, heart, and ear. A CaM C-lobe calcium-dependent switch releases a shared Apo/CaM clamp conformation that enables Kv7 isoform-specific functional outcomes. [Rbfox Splicing Factors Promote Neuronal Maturation and Axon Initial Segment Assembly]( Martin Jacko, Sebastien M. Weyn-Vanhentenryck, John W. Smerdon, Rui Yan, Huijuan Feng, Damian J. Williams, Joy Pai, Ke Xu, Hynek Wichterle, Chaolin Zhang Jacko et al. identified a comprehensive neuronal Rbfox splicing program, enriched for cytoskeletal, membrane, and synaptic genes. Rbfox1/Rbfox2/Rbfox3 triple knockout motor neurons exhibit defects in excitability and axon initial segment assembly, regulated by a developmental splicing switch in ankyrin G. [Graded Arrays of Spinal and Supraspinal V2a Interneuron Subtypes Underlie Forelimb and Hindlimb Motor Control]( Marito Hayashi, Christopher A. Hinckley, Shawn P. Driscoll, Niall J. Moore, Ariel J. Levine, Kathryn L. Hilde, Kamal Sharma, Samuel L. Pfaff Hayashi et al. unmask a sequential process that creates V2a interneuron subtypes arrayed in counter-gradients along the spinal cord. The unique composition of V2a networks at each spinal level drives distinct activity in motor neurons controlling the forelimb and hindlimb. [Small Networks Encode Decision-Making in Primary Auditory Cortex]( Nikolas A. Francis, Daniel E. Winkowski, Alireza Sheikhattar, Kevin Armengol, Behtash Babadi, Patrick O. Kanold Francis et al. studied the neural coding of decision-making in auditory cortex using two-photon imaging. Neural activity showed attentional gain and encoded behavioral choice. Small neuronal networks predicted behavioral choice. Functional connectivity became sparse, rostro-caudally oriented, and locally clustered during target recognition. [Prefrontal-Periaqueductal Gray-Projecting Neurons Mediate Context Fear Discrimination]( Robert R. Rozeske, Daniel Jercog, Nikolaos Karalis, Fabrice Chaudun, Suzana Khoder, Delphine Girard, Nânci Winke, Cyril Herry Using single-unit recording and optogenetic manipulations in a fear-conditioning paradigm, Rozeske et al. demonstrate that activation of a subpopulation of cells in the prefrontal cortex projecting to the periaqueductal gray is necessary and sufficient for context fear discrimination. [Hypothalamic Circuits for Predation and Evasion]( Yi Li, Jiawei Zeng, Juen Zhang, Chenyu Yue, Weixin Zhong, Zhixiang Liu, Qiru Feng, Minmin Luo The inhibitory and excitatory projections from the lateral hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray drive, respectively, predation and evasion. [Ultra-Slow Single-Vessel BOLD and CBV-Based fMRI Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Their Correlation with Neuronal Intracellular Calcium Signals]( Yi He, Maosen Wang, Xuming Chen, Rolf Pohmann, Jonathan R. Polimeni, Klaus Scheffler, Bruce R. Rosen, David Kleinfeld, Xin Yu He et al. performed single-vessel fMRI in rat to map spatiotemporal correlations of ultra-slow arteriole CBV and venule BOLD fluctuations, concurrent with intracellular-calcium photometry. They find a 2 mm correlation length, which bears on the resolution of functional connectivity. [The Basal Forebrain Regulates Global Resting-State fMRI Fluctuations]( Janita Turchi, Catie Chang, Frank Q. Ye, Brian E. Russ, David K. Yu, Carlos R. Cortes, Ilya E. Monosov, Jeff H. Duyn, David A. Leopold Turchi et al. demonstrate that the basal forebrain, a major source of modulatory projections to the cerebral cortex, controls the level of broadly shared (“global”) spontaneous fluctuations without altering the spatial structure of resting-state networks. [Motor Cortex Embeds Muscle-like Commands in an Untangled Population Response]( Abigail A. Russo, Sean R. Bittner, Sean M. Perkins, Jeffrey S. Seely, Brian M. London, Antonio H. Lara, Andrew Miri, Najja J. Marshall, Adam Kohn, Thomas M. Jessell, Laurence F. Abbott, John P. Cunningham, Mark M. Churchland Using a novel extended movement task, Russo et al. show that neural activity in motor cortex is dominated by non-muscle-like signals. A computational approach reveals that these dominant features are expected and can be predicted given the constraint that neural activity produces muscle commands while obeying a smooth flow-field. [Working Memory Enhances Cortical Representations via Spatially Specific Coordination of Spike Times]( Zahra Bahmani, Mohammad Reza Daliri, Yaser Merrikhi, Kelsey Clark, Behrad Noudoost When examining primate extrastriate visual responses, Bahmani et al. find that, in the absence of rate changes, working memory mainly affects αβ oscillations and spike timing. These changes are associated with better visual processing, suggesting how working memory benefits sensory areas. [Reversible Silencing of the Frontopolar Cortex Selectively Impairs Metacognitive Judgment on Non-experience in Primates]( Kentaro Miyamoto, Rieko Setsuie, Takahiro Osada, Yasushi Miyashita Miyamoto et al. found that the frontopolar cortex (area 10) is recruited for metacognitive evaluation of non-experienced events, of which inactivation impairs confidence judgment of non-experienced events without impairing the ability to identify novel event per se, in macaque monkeys. [Update Your Profile]([Terms and Conditions]([Privacy Policy]([Unsubscribe from Email Alert]( This email has been sent from Cell Press, a division of Elsevier Inc., 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. You are receiving this email because you signed up for email alerts for new issues of this journal. For all inquiries, problems or suggestions regarding this service, please contact Copyright © 2018 Cell Press/Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.