Neuron: November 15 2017 (Volume 96, Issue 4)

[Cell press]( [Facebook]( [Twitter]( [Youtube]( [Google Plus]( [Weibo]( [Issue cover]( [Nov 15, 2017]( Vol. 96, Iss. 4 [Website]( [Table of Contents]( [Online Now]( [Archive]( Highlights Announcements --------------------------------------------------------------- [Cell-Weizmann Institute of Science Symposium: Next Gen Immunology]( Early registration deadline December 8, 2017 – [register early & save](! [Free Tech Talk – Modeling Human Immunity and Disease]( Speakers: David Weinstock, Michael Brehm & Janine Lo-Marchelli December 6, 2017, 12pm EST Claim your free registration for live or on-demand access today! [Click here to register.]( [Check out the latest jobs in the life sciences on the Cell Career Network]( Featured Article --------------------------------------------------------------- [Entrainment of Arteriole Vasomotor Fluctuations by Neural Activity Is a Basis of Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent “Resting-State” Connectivity]( Celine Mateo, Per M. Knutsen, Philbert S. Tsai, Andy Y. Shih, David Kleinfeld Featured Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Orbitofrontal Cortex: A Neural Circuit for Economic Decisions]( Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, Katherine E. Conen Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Kinetics of Releasable Synaptic Vesicles and Their Plastic Changes at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses]( Midorikawa et al. [DISC1 Regulates Neurogenesis via Modulating Kinetochore Attachment of Ndel1/Nde1 during Mitosis]( Ye et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Double Dissociation of NMDA Receptor Signaling]( [Abrahamsson et al.]( found that presynaptic NMDA receptors regulate evoked and spontaneous release through different, non-overlapping pathways. Unconventional NMDA receptor signaling modes of this kind could play important roles in synaptic pathologies. Music by Kero One: . [Enhanced AMPA Receptor Trafficking Mediates the Anorexigenic Effect of Endogenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus]( In this study, [Liu et al.]( describe that the stimulation of GLP-1 afferent fibers within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus is sufficient to suppress food intake. GLP-1R activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission, mediated by PKA and GluA1 S845 phosphorylation. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [GABAergic Synaptogenesis: A Case for Cooperation]( Jean-Marc Fritschy, Shiva K. Tyagarajan Multiple cell-adhesion molecules contribute to synapse formation by mediating trans-synaptic interactions with presynaptic signaling molecules. In this issue of Neuron, Li et al. (2017) report cooperativity between Neuroligin2 and Slitrk3, exerting distinct effects on GABAergic synapse formation in immature and mature neurons. [A Local Rebalancing Act Leads to Global Benefit]( Ju Lu, Yi Zuo Barnes et al. reveal that in the visual cortex of sensory-deprived mice, dendritic spine enlargement correlates with recent spine loss from the same dendritic branch. Such branch-specific homeostatic plasticity highlights dendritic branches as key computational units. [A Synaptic Basis for GLP-1 Action in the Brain]( Sandrine Lefort, Matthias H. Tschöp, Cristina García-Cáceres Unraveling the brain control of metabolism may generate opportunities to discover novel precision medicines for obesity and diabetes. In this issue of Neuron, Liu et al. identify a novel glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor-dependent signaling process that exerts anorexigenic action via the regulation of AMPA receptor subunit composition in the hypothalamus. [Good Vibrations: Resting-State Functional Connectivity Reflects Entrainment of Vasomotion]( Allen W. Chan, Timothy H. Murphy In this issue of Neuron, Mateo et al. (2017) suggest that hemodynamic measures of resting-state functional connectivity in cortex are reporting the consequences of entrainment of arteriole vasomotion by neuronal activity. Spotlight --------------------------------------------------------------- [Epimetronomics: m6A Marks the Tempo of Corticogenesis]( Nathan C. Boles, Sally Temple Yoon et al. (2017) uncover a key role for the m6A RNA mark in regulating the timing of cerebral cortex development in mouse and human. This discovery opens new avenues of exploration into how the epitranscriptome helps orchestrate central nervous system formation. NeuroViews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Gender Equality from a European Perspective: Myth and Reality]( Patricia C. Salinas, Claudia Bagni Salinas and Bagni discuss the state of gender equality in higher education in Europe. Despite significant progress, women still face many challenges to achieve equal opportunity in academia. [Building Bridges through Science]( Thomas Lissek, Michelle Adams, John Adelman, Ehud Ahissar, Mohammed Akaaboune, Huda Akil, Mustafa al’Absi, Fazal Arain, Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, Deniz Atasoy, Jesus Avila, Ashraf Badawi, Hilmar Bading, Abdul Mannan Baig, Jimena Baleriola, Carlos Belmonte, Ilaria Bertocchi, Heinrich Betz, Colin Blakemore, Olaf Blanke, Philipp Boehm-Sturm, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Paolo Bonifazi, Nils Brose, Patrizia Campolongo, Tansu Celikel, Cathy C. Chang, Ta-Yuan Chang, Ami Citri, Hollis T. Cline, Jesus M. Cortes, Kathleen Cullen, Kellie Dean, José M. Delgado-Garcia, Mathieu Desroches, John F. Disterhoft, John E. Dowling, Andreas Draguhn, Sherif F. El-Khamisy, Abdeljabbar El Manira, S. Ather Enam, Juan M. Encinas, Asier Erramuzpe, José A. Esteban, Isabel Fariñas, Edmond Fischer, Izumi Fukunaga, Iñigo Gabilondo, Detlev Ganten, Albert Gidon, Juan Carlos Gomez-Esteban, Paul Greengard, Valery Grinevich, Agnés Gruart, Roger Guillemin, Ahmad R. Hariri, Bassem Hassan, Michael Häusser, Yasunori Hayashi, Natasha K. Hussain, Adnan Abdul Jabbar, Mohamed Jaber, Reinhardt Jahn, Essam Mohammed Janahi, Mohamed Kabbaj, Helmut Kettenmann, Merel Kindt, Shira Knafo, Georg Köhr, Shoji Komai, Harm Krugers, Bernd Kuhn, Nouria Lakhdar Ghazal, Matthew E. Larkum, Mickey London, Beat Lutz, Carlos Matute, Luis Martinez-Millan, Mouna Maroun, James McGaugh, Ahmed A. Moustafa, Anwar Nasim, Klaus-Armin Nave, Erwin Neher, Karoly Nikolich, Tiago Outeiro, Lucy M. Palmer, Olga Penagarikano, Isabel Perez-Otano, Donald W. Pfaff, Bruno Poucet, Atta-ur Rahman, Pedro Ramos-Cabrer, Ali Rashidy-Pour, Richard J. Roberts, Serafim Rodrigues, Joshua R. Sanes, Andreas T. Schaefer, Menahem Segal, Idan Segev, Saad Shafqat, Nikhat Ahmed Siddiqui, Hermona Soreq, Eduardo Soriano-García, Rainer Spanagel, Rolf Sprengel, Greg Stuart, Thomas C. Südhof, Jan Tønnesen, Mario Treviño, Basim M. Uthman, J. Craig Venter, Alexei Verkhratsky, Craig Weiss, Torsten N. Wiesel, Emre Yaksi, Ofer Yizhar, Larry J. Young, Paul Young, Nasser H. Zawia, José L. Zugaza, Mazahir T. Hasan Science is ideally suited to connect people from different cultures and thereby foster mutual understanding. To promote international life science collaboration, Lissek et al. have launched “The Science Bridge” initiative. Theirs current project focuses on partnership between Western and Middle Eastern neuroscience communities. Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Orbitofrontal Cortex: A Neural Circuit for Economic Decisions]( Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, Katherine E. Conen Padoa-Schioppa and Conen review recent advances on the neuronal mechanisms underlying economic choices. They propose that good-based decisions are formed in a neural circuit within the orbitofrontal cortex. NeuroResources --------------------------------------------------------------- [Virus-Mediated Genome Editing via Homology-Directed Repair in Mitotic and Postmitotic Cells in Mammalian Brain]( Jun Nishiyama, Takayasu Mikuni, Ryohei Yasuda Nishiyama et al. show that precise genome editing via HDR is possible in mature postmitotic neurons as well as mitotic cells in the mammalian brain by combining CRISPR-Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage and the efficient delivery of donor template with AAV. [A Large-Scale Semi-Chronic Microdrive Recording System for Non-Human Primates]( Nicholas M. Dotson, Steven J. Hoffman, {NAME} Goodell, Charles M. Gray Dotson et al. developed and implemented a large-scale, semi-chronic microdrive recording system for non-human primates. Devices remained on the monkeys for up to 9 months, and they were able to make simultaneous recordings from up to 37 cortical and subcortical areas. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Transsynaptic Mapping of Second-Order Taste Neurons in Flies by trans-Tango]( Mustafa Talay, Ethan B. Richman, Nathaniel J. Snell, Griffin G. Hartmann, John D. Fisher, Altar Sorkaç, Juan F. Santoyo, Cambria Chou-Freed, Nived Nair, Mark Johnson, John R. Szymanski, Gilad Barnea Talay and Richman et al. develop a genetic method for transsynaptic labeling of neural circuits in Drosophila. They validate it in the olfactory system and implement it in the gustatory system to reveal second-order projections of sweet tastant-responsive neurons. [Age-Dependent Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration and Impairment of the Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in LRRK-Deficient Mice]( Emilie Giaime, Youren Tong, Lisa K. Wagner, Yang Yuan, Guodong Huang, Jie Shen Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson’s disease. Giaime et al. show an essential role of LRRK in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and the regulation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in the aging brain. [Molecular Dissection of Neuroligin 2 and Slitrk3 Reveals an Essential Framework for GABAergic Synapse Development]( Jun Li, Wenyan Han, Kenneth A. Pelkey, Jingjing Duan, Xia Mao, Ya-Xian Wang, Michael T. Craig, Lijin Dong, Ronald S. Petralia, Chris J. McBain, Wei Lu Li et al. report a hierarchical process mediated by Neuroligin 2 and Slitrk3 for GABAergic synapse development. Neuroligin 2 also interacts with Slitrk3 to regulate GABAergic synaptogenesis. Selective perturbation of this interaction decreases GABAergic synaptic transmission and impairs hippocampal network activities. [Neuroplastin and Basigin Are Essential Auxiliary Subunits of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPases and Key Regulators of Ca2+ Clearance]( Nadine Schmidt, Astrid Kollewe, Cristina E. Constantin, Sebastian Henrich, Andreas Ritzau-Jost, Wolfgang Bildl, Anja Saalbach, Stefan Hallermann, Akos Kulik, Bernd Fakler, Uwe Schulte PMCAs are fundamental for termination of Ca2+ signaling processes in many types of cells. Schmidt et al. identify Neuroplastin and Basigin as novel subunits of native PMCAs and illustrate the significance of both proteins for processing and function of PMCA complexes. [Differential Regulation of Evoked and Spontaneous Release by Presynaptic NMDA Receptors]( Therése Abrahamsson, Christina You Chien Chou, Si Ying Li, Adamo Mancino, Rui Ponte Costa, Jennifer Anne Brock, Erin Nuro, Katherine Anne Buchanan, Dale Elgar, Arne Vladimir Blackman, Adam Tudor-Jones, Julia Oyrer, William Todd Farmer, Keith Kazuo Murai, Per Jesper Sjöström A long-standing question has been how presynaptic NMDA receptors influence high-frequency evoked neurotransmission but spontaneous release at low rates. Providing resolution, Abrahamsson et al. show that these receptors regulate evoked and spontaneous release via distinct RIM1αβ- and JNK2-dependent mechanisms, respectively. [Double-Nanodomain Coupling of Calcium Channels, Ryanodine Receptors, and BK Channels Controls the Generation of Burst Firing]( Tomohiko Irie, Laurence O. Trussell Spike bursts are high-frequency clusters of spikelets found in many CNS neurons. Irie and Trussell show that the generation and shape of bursts is controlled by extremely rapid calcium-induced calcium release from the ER acting on potassium channels across nanodomain distances. [Deprivation-Induced Homeostatic Spine Scaling In Vivo Is Localized to Dendritic Branches that Have Undergone Recent Spine Loss]( Samuel J. Barnes, Eleonora Franzoni, R. Irene Jacobsen, Ferenc Erdelyi, Gabor Szabo, Claudia Clopath, Georg B. Keller, Tara Keck Open Access Barnes et al. show that TNF-α-dependent spine size increases are correlated with recent spine loss within dendritic branches in both inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons in vivo following visual deprivation. Branch-specific plasticity increases information processing relative to global plasticity. [Development and Refinement of Functional Properties of Adult-Born Neurons]( Jenelle L. Wallace, Martin Wienisch, Venkatesh N. Murthy Using multiphoton imaging in awake and anesthetized mice, Wallace, Wienisch, et al. track the functional maturation of individual adult-born granule cells of the olfactory bulb, showing that most cells become more selective in their odor responses during maturation. [Enhanced AMPA Receptor Trafficking Mediates the Anorexigenic Effect of Endogenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus]( Ji Liu, Kristie Conde, Peng Zhang, Varoth Lilascharoen, Zihui Xu, Byung Kook Lim, Randy J. Seeley, J. Julius Zhu, Michael M. Scott, Zhiping P. Pang Liu et al. show that GLP-1 signaling in PVN suppresses food intake and may prevent obesity. The molecular mechanism underlying the GLP-1 function in the PVN is via AMPA receptor subunit-GluA1 phosphorylation and subsequent membrane trafficking in a PKA-dependent pathway. [Direct Dopaminergic Projections from the SNc Modulate Visuomotor Transformation in the Lamprey Tectum]( Juan Pérez-Fernández, Andreas A. Kardamakis, Daichi G. Suzuki, Brita Robertson, Sten Grillner Pérez-Fernández et al. show that salient events activate the SNc, which in turn directly modulates tectal neurons with profound effects on the motor output, due to action on two subpopulations of neurons expressing either dopamine D1 or D2 receptors. [Task Demands Predict a Dynamic Switch in the Content of Awake Hippocampal Replay]( H. Freyja Ólafsdóttir, Francis Carpenter, Caswell Barry Open Access Ólafsdóttir et al. found that, upon arrival at and before departure from reward sites, but not during immobility, hippocampal replay depicts places related to current task demands. Occurrence of task-focused replay predicts decision accuracy. Grid cells were only coherent with replay during immobility. [Entrainment of Arteriole Vasomotor Fluctuations by Neural Activity Is a Basis of Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent “Resting-State” Connectivity]( Celine Mateo, Per M. Knutsen, Philbert S. Tsai, Andy Y. Shih, David Kleinfeld In resting-state BOLD imaging, synchronous ultra-slow (∼0.1 Hz) oscillations in blood oxygenation between brain areas are interpreted as “functional” neuronal connections. Mateo et al. reveals a basis for this inference: neuronal activity entrains arteriole dilation that in turn drives oxygenation. Corrections --------------------------------------------------------------- [Single-Cell Profiling of an In Vitro Model of Human Interneuron Development Reveals Temporal Dynamics of Cell Type Production and Maturation]( Jennie L. Close, Zizhen Yao, Boaz P. Levi, Jeremy A. Miller, Trygve E. Bakken, Vilas Menon, Jonathan T. Ting, Abigail Wall, Anne-Rachel Krostag, Elliot R. Thomsen, Angel M. Nelson, John K. Mich, Rebecca D. Hodge, Soraya I. Shehata, Ian A. Glass, Susan Bort, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, N. Kiet Ngo, Joshua S. Grimley, John W. Phillips, Carol L. Thompson, Sharad Ramanathan, Ed Lein [The Spatiotemporal Organization of the Striatum Encodes Action Space]( Andreas Klaus, Gabriela J. Martins, Vitor B. Paixao, Pengcheng Zhou, Liam Paninski, Rui M. 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