Neuron: September 1, 2021 (Volume 109, Issue 17)

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[Read now](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fmed%2Fhome%3Futm_campaign=STMJ_1615523725_CP_ALT%26utm_medium=email%26utm_source=Other%26dgcid=STMJ_1615523725_CP_ALT/2/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/4hbjssoBw6yuLEOXrAXeO-3G6IXmYoC7d3f_Un23A3M=212) [Free Cell Press Webinar](%2F%2Fwww.workcast.com%2Fregister%3Fcpak=8915952852666652%26referrer=etoc/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/-1jWMTIpFi6dxDKN3bcNK37u7uFUwf17EdpvDuVMpcQ=212) Multi-omics in cancer immunotherapy | September 16, 12 PM ET | Speakers: Samra Turajlic (The Francis Crick Institute), Rong Fan (Yale University), and Christina Leslie (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) [Register for Free](%2F%2Fwww.workcast.com%2Fregister%3Fcpak=8915952852666652%26referrer=etoc/2/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/O-RJzLx9CIE1Uz-9Z4Ujnr2Op8FSvyuXqWpZVt5PKsQ=212) Featured review --------------------------------------------------------------- [RNA modulates physiological and neuropathological protein phase transitions](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00464-5/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/HKEkiGStrsP5rpkQ4h4L-c3GAeGvKZC3h-pT4J8fNxw=212) Mann et al. Featured perspective --------------------------------------------------------------- [Dimensions and mechanisms of memory organization](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00455-4/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/QgxvijSEcF31uUJVw9ZeXsgaQF3XQMF_UM7Bz5qg2yE=212) de Sousa et al. Featured article --------------------------------------------------------------- [When the ventral visual stream is not enough: A deep learning account of medial temporal lobe involvement in perception](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00459-1/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/1ayM27wgREQt4UHpKnyY4ubaiMMmptyXxbrMBXikiiA=212) Bonnen et al. Online now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Stem cell-derived neurons reflect features of protein networks, neuropathology, and cognitive outcome of their aged human donors](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00578-X/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/dt0flxC_310NAi1Dx4uvHefDab3qWBW_FAy6g9DlEVs=212) Lagomarsino et al. [A cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical channel underlying short-term memory](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00577-8/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/NkOPZiOpwoW8NlMavD98XEGpbSAUlHYKqGsh3YXdhv4=212) Wang et al. [What is the dynamical regime of cerebral cortex?](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00575-4/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/B_5ESYvyajreh43Ve7dTOvEQNyrXBunGMeipffMGrmI=212) Ahmadian et al. [Covid-19, stress, and inequities in (neuro)science](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00628-0/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/20xH5JtXYY2gyqc6aMHTobC6sHF3DCdk_Iz95LKMcy4=212) Sandi et al. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Addressing the gender pain gap](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00601-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/QCAFektZsCNbafcBohlP_8LdBBkoPNOKjG_ILcHt_Dc=212) John M. Dawes, David L. Bennett Chronic pain is more common in women, however, our understanding of sex-specific differences in pain mechanisms is rudimentary. In this issue of Neuron, Luo et al., (2021) delineate a novel sex-specific neuro-immune pathway contributing to enhanced mechanical pain in females. [Perception and memory in the medial temporal lobe: Deep learning offers a new lens on an old debate](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00615-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/eKn-NUTn1etRJTFtCTszLOFvcqnItXUW8nxMMGj0YAE=212) Morgan D. Barense, Andy C.H. Lee In this issue of Neuron, Bonnen et al. (2021) use artificial neural networks to resolve a long-standing controversy surrounding the neurocognitive dichotomy between memory and perception. They show that the perirhinal cortex supports performance on tasks that cannot be solved by the ventral visual stream. [Ripples for recall: The hippocampus constructing the context?](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00607-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/3ui9xHw4tGfyg00xl6P4a9b5S6DG0gF3fdLF9voeYUQ=212) Svenja Brodt, Jan Born In this issue of Neuron, Norman et al. (2021) show that contrary to classical systems consolidation theories, hippocampal ripples orchestrate recall of both autobiographical and semantic memories. Similarity of ripple patterns furthermore suggests a semantization process as autobiographical memories age. Perspective --------------------------------------------------------------- [Dimensions and mechanisms of memory organization](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00455-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/bLE3JQ4a1E5Vlth2LxjClJTeqAILvJYwCCeePFuvd54=212) André F. de Sousa, Ananya Chowdhury, Alcino J. Silva The biological mechanisms underlying memory organization remain largely unexplored. In this perspective, de Sousa et al. review some of the literature on memory organization in different species and propose circuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that might support formation of mnemonic structures. Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [RNA modulates physiological and neuropathological protein phase transitions](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00464-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/IecygGCvpdl8eET4UuVSrjVORE51Miee8bn6h61An8U=212) Jacob R. Mann, Christopher J. Donnelly Mann and Donnelly review the role of RNA in the phase behavior of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), both for physiological function and in the context of neurodegenerative disease. Recent literature reporting the influence of distinct molecular characteristics, such as RNA length and secondary structure, on the regulation of RBP phase transitions is highlighted within the framework of membraneless organelle assembly/function and pathological protein aggregation. Report --------------------------------------------------------------- [Thalamus mediates neocortical Down state transition via GABAB-receptor-targeting interneurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00495-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/xsJSN3rhyVjjRJouy6ZyC8Yl3ApvKi_0Ea8MpPUU5lQ=212) Y. Audrey Hay, Nicolas Deperrois, Tanja Fuchsberger, Thomas Matthew Quarrell, Anna-Lucia Koerling, Ole Paulsen Slow-wave sleep is characterized by near-synchronous fluctuations between neocortical Up and Down states. Hay et al. report an active mechanism of globally synchronized Down transition by midline thalamic inputs. Synchronization of slow oscillations allows coordinated activation of brain areas, a feature thought to be important for memory consolidation. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [IL-23/IL-17A/TRPV1 axis produces mechanical pain via macrophage-sensory neuron crosstalk in female mice](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00456-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/qwy8Ye66hqjUrtS2uYpELqdbb6JE96zn02O2dUNBh_8=212) Xin Luo, Ouyang Chen, Zilong Wang, Sangsu Bang, Jasmine Ji, Sang Hoon Lee, Yul Huh, Kenta Furutani, Qianru He, Xueshu Tao, Mei-Chuan Ko, Andrey Bortsov, Christopher R. Donnelly, Yong Chen, Andrea Nackley, Temugin Berta, Ru-Rong Ji Luo et al. describe how IL-23, produced by macrophages, regulates mechanical pain in female mice via IL-17 release and subsequent activation of IL-17 receptor and TRPV1 in nociceptors, thus offering a mechanistic insight into sex dimorphism in female pain through immune and neuronal regulations. [Characterization of the subunit composition and structure of adult human glycine receptors](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00616-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/8dAHcWBFjUFX_jkjMm3gBZeGM9b0wqWjgkPGSxj1mkA=212) Hailong Yu, Xiao-Chen Bai, Weiwei Wang Yu et al. characterized the structures of a principal neurotransmitter receptor in adult humans, the heteromeric glycine receptor, in multiple functional states. They discovered an unexpected architecture and revealed how it gives rise to native physiological function, which suggests how higher-order assemblies form to allow neurotransmission. [Synaptic correlates of associative fear memory in the lateral amygdala](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00502-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/AoJtDG0emFkFg9qOScRZFBLTpS_5GKRC5GNPCO9oZZA=212) Dong Il Choi, Jooyoung Kim, Hoonwon Lee, Ji-il Kim, Yongmin Sung, Ja Eun Choi, S. Jayakumar Venkat, Pojeong Park, Hyunsu Jung, Bong-Kiun Kaang Choi et al. show spine morphology dynamics of the AC-LA circuit during fear conditioning, extinction, and re-conditioning. Using input-specific and activity-dependent spine labeling, they demonstrate that activated spines are enhanced by fear conditioning and subsequently decreased by extinction, which is restored by re-conditioning. [Single cortical neurons as deep artificial neural networks](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00501-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/b1whru2jssR6pGc7JNBxYN_JpeKeJ3PJXhMMyurT9-0=212) David Beniaguev, Idan Segev, Michael London Using a modern machine learning approach, we show that the I/O characteristics of cortical pyramidal neurons can be approximated, at the millisecond resolution (single spike precision), by a temporally convolutional neural network with five to eight layers. This computational complexity stems mainly from the interplay between NMDA receptors and dendritic morphology. [Bridging neuronal correlations and dimensionality reduction](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00469-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/mCKvJfZzDXwaJYg0-zf8D8H417Kr_90mJaH_GYH5HEQ=212) Akash Umakantha, Rudina Morina, Benjamin R. Cowley, Adam C. Snyder, Matthew A. Smith, Byron M. Yu Pairwise correlations and dimensionality reduction are widely used approaches for measuring how neurons covary. Umakantha, Morina, Cowley, et al. establish concrete mathematical relationships between the two approaches and empirically investigate these relationships for visual cortical neurons. The findings provide a cautionary tale for summarizing population-wide covariability using any single activity statistic. [When the ventral visual stream is not enough: A deep learning account of medial temporal lobe involvement in perception](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00459-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/T3yRVgFRMjI0WBSL7kIPCE3x_U_6wbQuMm77_JD5S-Y=212) Tyler Bonnen, Daniel L.K. Yamins, Anthony D. Wagner By integrating lesion, electrophysiological, and behavioral results within a deep learning framework, Bonnen et al. find that the medial temporal lobe—specifically, perirhinal cortex—enables visual discrimination behaviors not supported by canonical visual cortex alone. [Hippocampal ripples and their coordinated dialogue with the default mode network during recent and remote recollection](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00461-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/anbx4FUVsNDE2jxo_9Xr7AHIT9O1IXDMNg91tceRBSM=212) Yitzhak Norman, Omri Raccah, Su Liu, Josef Parvizi, Rafael Malach Norman et al. report that synchronous hippocampal bursts (ripples) selectively emerge when patients recall past autobiographical events. Those ripples form spatial patterns that become increasingly similar to semantic-memory patterns, the more remote the memory. The results demonstrate the pivotal role of ripples in coordinating recollections in the human brain. [A neural code for egocentric spatial maps in the human medial temporal lobe](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(21)00460-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100017ba2756e2c-9fe3d719-e716-47d8-98b4-50929895d048-000000/9hQlZrMrRo5R0VEqaxr1YYmwlAaX9mP-xWnedEa78Gk=212) Lukas Kunz, Armin Brandt, Peter C. Reinacher, Bernhard P. Staresina, Eric T. Reifenstein, Christoph T. Weidemann, Nora A. Herweg, Ansh Patel, Melina Tsitsiklis, Richard Kempter, Michael J. Kahana, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Joshua Jacobs In this issue of Neuron, Kunz et al. show that neurons in the human brain encode egocentric bearings and distances toward reference points in spatial environments. These neurons may support human navigation and memory by contributing to the neural basis of cognitive maps that are centered on the subject. 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