Neuron: June 17, 2020 (Volume 106, Issue 6)

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[Learn more](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2FCOVID-19/2/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/xmSNxeEgJlQR_lJhKhwiXXSpFz-R9Iynh2TJlRc5Wig=145) Featured Neuroview --------------------------------------------------------------- [(In)citing Action to Realize an Equitable Future](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30357-3/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/Z_xCM3oMeNbkgeHALNhlubirHKsv9DlC-UcSsYmX47M=145) Dworkin et al. Featured Q&A --------------------------------------------------------------- [Nikos K. Logothetis](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30402-5/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/xVn6C4dVcPkbAw4Z7XXMrZKK1JZ0YTnB4xIKiGLTDbE=145) Neuroview --------------------------------------------------------------- [Active and Distance Learning in Neuroscience Education](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30430-X/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/20W2HWPbTNQCsvL6g3uzyubiXDfXjakrWMEb7nqFqKE=145) Sandrone et al. Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [The Bidirectional Relationship of Depression and Inflammation: Double Trouble](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30431-1/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/28rFFAkKgmtdhzZ-yW--wjVUzvpfq2YkTmtvTU1sXj0=145) Beurel et al. [Plasticity and Spontaneous Activity Pulses in Disused Human Brain Circuits](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30353-6/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/e2ddqKntNDQE_x8WXRtcRXQO31JADy6HMT5AOZB-3sA=145) Newbold et al. [Synapse and Active Zone Assembly in the Absence of Presynaptic Ca2+ Channels and Ca2+ Entry](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30401-3/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/iCIeWaY_J7CtwC28EModCITfcTakL6W_qKkGpMqL0WA=145) Held et al. [Wireless Optogenetic Stimulation of Oxytocin Neurons in a Semi-natural Setup Dynamically Elevates Both Pro-social and Agonistic Behaviors](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30397-4/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/p6oszDpu-DPyWKZ4Ny980ug0-1fhTHitGB3j2gFHa7o=145) Anpilov et al. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Depression: A Role for LncRNAs](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30362-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/XCFnRoUrJruWDm1WDxw33P0XNbf2Oh_FfKsOeLcmIjc=145) Anand Gururajan [Parallel Parabrachial Pathways Provide Pieces of the Pain Puzzle](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30403-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/kpLNDdLcp1Uiub-LK-ScZ0N-BxQkVB7PDKj85vHuyk8=145) Arnab Barik, Alexander T. Chesler Noxious stimuli evoke a range of acute and long-lasting sensations, emotions, and behaviors. In this issue of Neuron, Chiang et al. (2020) demonstrate that parallel outputs from the lateral parabrachial nucleus arise from specific cell types with distinct functions in pain. [Everyone on Their Own! Individualization of Synaptic Boutons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30404-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/uKZZVUulBweEuktfdU2w0REIZ5nFToym1EJQjiqZLJg=145) Ahmed A.M. Mohamed, Silke Sachse Animals associate different odors with good and bad memories. This memory formation requires high neuronal plasticity. In this issue of Neuron, Bilz et al. (2020) demonstrate that associative learning modulates individual synaptic boutons of the intrinsic neurons of the memory center of Drosophila. [Overseeing Memory Circuits by NFIA: New Face In Astrocytes](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30396-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/FghvyplWJJBPoqZf4noDxl_FeyXaFhrqlmoMU0AnUJM=145) Qingyun Li Astrocytes are heterogeneous controlling numerous aspects of brain function. In this issue of Neuron, Huang et al. (2020) uncover a novel role of NFIA, which regulates unique properties of adult hippocampal astrocytes via region-specific DNA binding, thereby modulating the plasticity of local circuits. Spotlight --------------------------------------------------------------- [Blood Biomarkers: Democratizing Alzheimer’s Diagnostics](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30433-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/boR8Y_tlUlQbZ9WaTqvIBYLQSWS3TlTwT3QGvhyw-ds=145) Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow Currently available biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease are of limited availability due to high costs and perceived invasiveness. New studies reveal that Alzheimer’s pathologies now can be reliably quantified in vivo using regular blood tests. Q&A --------------------------------------------------------------- [Nikos K. Logothetis](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30402-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/bv2EaCUma038pcwWDMj7p78VzmvHbVrvMwHMiA4iDzU=145) In a candid interview with Neuron, Nikos K. Logothetis shares memories about his rich scientific past and argues about the importance of animal research and the role of science in society. He also talks about his new job and future plans as co-director of the International Center for Primate Brain Research in Shanghai. Neuroviews --------------------------------------------------------------- [(In)citing Action to Realize an Equitable Future](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30357-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/0yPH4MfNlDKtkG4gszdK8bBn64Y9YDUhGKi4qktAgLg=145) Jordan Dworkin, Perry Zurn, Danielle S. Bassett Reference lists of neuroscience articles show marked gender imbalances. To mitigate this disparity and realize an equitable future, Dworkin et al. discuss relevant ethical considerations and offer practical recommendations to trainees, senior scientists, laboratory heads, editors, reviewers, mentors, and instructors. [Active and Distance Learning in Neuroscience Education](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30430-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/3OVj_dXAm7E6g7LvBH5Q5kT1LcrQXJkx_0qCPvUm5jI=145) Stefano Sandrone, Logan D. Schneider With social distancing and uncertainty about the complete re-opening of laboratories and campuses, there is a pressing need for a more flexible educational experience. Seizing this opportunity to integrate active learning into adaptive curricula can fast-forward neuroscience education at every level. Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Nuclear Periphery Takes Center Stage: The Role of Nuclear Pore Complexes in Cell Identity and Aging](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30400-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/lgsbwMw1amOld5Z2TheIPQwWO1zeRLhfh9mTrL-nH10=145) Ukrae H. Cho, Martin W. Hetzer Cho and Hetzer discuss recent studies that have established the nuclear pore complex as a key regulator of transcription control of cell identity genes and have linked its functional decline to premature, physiological, and pathological aging. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Sex-Specific Role for the Long Non-coding RNA LINC00473 in Depression](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30230-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/iB5Kf6-Fach3YdHV6zZQ2Z19D13FEx0Y2xsUpHtk18w=145) Orna Issler, Yentl Y. van der Zee, Aarthi Ramakrishnan, Junshi Wang, Chunfeng Tan, Yong-Hwee E. Loh, Immanuel Purushothaman, Deena M. Walker, Zachary S. Lorsch, Peter J. Hamilton, Catherine J. Peña, Erin Flaherty, Brigham J. Hartley, Angélica Torres-Berrío, Eric M. Parise, Hope Kronman, Julia E. Duffy, Molly S. Estill, Erin S. Calipari, Benoit Labonté, Rachael L. Neve, Carol A. Tamminga, Kristen J. Brennand, Yan Dong, Li Shen, Eric J. Nestler Issler et al. demonstrate that long non-coding RNAs are robustly regulated in the brains of postmortem depressed humans in a brain site- and sex-specific manner. LINC00473 is highlighted as key regulator of mood in females only, where it acts in prefrontal cortex by regulating gene expression, neurophysiology, and behavior. [Divergent Neural Pathways Emanating from the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus Mediate Distinct Components of the Pain Response](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30221-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/SwfgsD7n2cGrKaRhEwI5_7ngx-L25LVzQpHDjbtWrtQ=145) Michael C. Chiang, Eileen K. Nguyen, Martha Canto-Bustos, Andrew E. Papale, Anne-Marie M. Oswald, Sarah E. Ross Chiang et al. reveal that neurons in spatially segregated regions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus collateralize to distinct targets and that activation of distinct efferents gives rise to separate components of the nocifensive response. [Differential Coding of Itch and Pain by a Subpopulation of Primary Afferent Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30228-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/UIc9WpeksemP5SDFhTWtREBNgTb9prssyr5-reMeys8=145) Behrang Sharif, Ariel R. Ase, Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva, Philippe Séguéla Sharif et al. present evidence that a subpopulation of peripheral chloroquine-responsive somatosensory afferents can differentially drive itch or pain responses when they are stimulated via metabotropic or fast ionotropic signaling pathways, respectively. [Structure of the Native Muscle-type Nicotinic Receptor and Inhibition by Snake Venom Toxins](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30219-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/VELcmiKKPXpkbWcf8c3k3y8Q5w79DN-IMzrwcSTPRfk=145) Md. Mahfuzur Rahman, Jinfeng Teng, Brady T. Worrell, Colleen M. Noviello, Myeongseon Lee, Arthur Karlin, Michael H.B. Stowell, Ryan E. Hibbs Rahman et al. report the high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM structure of a native muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the Torpedo electric ray, in complex with α-bungarotoxin from the banded krait. The structure was obtained in a lipidic environment shown to support channel function and reveals a closed, hydrophobic ion channel gate. [Visualization of a Distributed Synaptic Memory Code in the Drosophila Brain](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30217-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/W1BLsk3qchVPuOCZUtqlfCGrxlUruLZ3FsSZv-A1oYA=145) Florian Bilz, Bart R.H. Geurten, Clare E. Hancock, Annekathrin Widmann, André Fiala Bilz et al. have used fruit flies to analyze how associative memories are encoded across distributed synapses within a brain. Using calcium imaging, they find that learning increases information throughput by changing coherent activity across synaptic boutons. [Spaced Training Forms Complementary Long-Term Memories of Opposite Valence in Drosophila](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30220-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/zhxecfPImPUiniLmihsaeAuTYWXeahybl2qY1KogSP4=145) Pedro F. Jacob, Scott Waddell Open Access Multiple trials of aversive olfactory conditioning in Drosophila can form an aversive memory for one odor and an unexpected safety memory for the other. Although safety memory appears slowly after training, it lasts longer than aversive memory. [Region-Specific Transcriptional Control of Astrocyte Function Oversees Local Circuit Activities](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30232-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/dUbvVfFh4GdLNpPMF1ZZj7oSRrA1Wt4S-ko2jTReNQ8=145) Anna Yu-Szu Huang, Junsung Woo, Debosmita Sardar, Brittney Lozzi, Navish A. Bosquez Huerta, Chia-Ching John Lin, Daniela Felice, Antrix Jain, Adriana Paulucci-Holthauzen, Benjamin Deneen Astrocytes play essential roles in brain function by supporting synaptic connectivity and associated circuits. We found the transcription factor NFIA is required to maintain astrocyte function in the hippocampus through region-specific DNA binding mechanisms. Alterations in astrocyte-neuron communication disrupt hippocampal circuit function, resulting in impaired learning and memory behaviors. [PNOCARC Neurons Promote Hyperphagia and Obesity upon High-Fat-Diet Feeding](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30229-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/siaa_Wb0AtKMgZ0k0rGUgVx01oVWYXznsBaUkWAy7tg=145) Alexander Jais, Lars Paeger, Tamara Sotelo-Hitschfeld, Stephan Bremser, Melanie Prinzensteiner, Paul Klemm, Vasyl Mykytiuk, Pia J.M. Widdershooven, Anna Juliane Vesting, Katarzyna Grzelka, Marielle Minère, Anna Lena Cremer, Jie Xu, Tatiana Korotkova, Bradford B. Lowell, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer, Heiko Backes, Henning Fenselau, F. Thomas Wunderlich, Peter Kloppenburg, Jens C. Brüning Open Access Calorie-rich diets induce hyperphagia and promote obesity. Here, Jais et al. report that short-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding in mice activates prepronociceptin (PNOC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). They characterize PNOCARC neurons as a novel ARC neuron population activated upon palatable food consumption to promote hyperphagia. [Amygdala-Midbrain Connections Modulate Appetitive and Aversive Learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30223-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/Xmg4ndKY9Xfhv7mLUj0203Z_jP8OiCHLhamyB2_Qkn8=145) Elizabeth E. Steinberg, Felicity Gore, Boris D. Heifets, Madison D. Taylor, Zane C. Norville, Kevin T. Beier, Csaba Földy, Talia N. Lerner, Liqun Luo, Karl Deisseroth, Robert C. Malenka Steinberg et al. investigate how connections between the central amygdala and the lateral substantia nigra contribute to emotional behaviors. They find that amygdalonigral neurons are activated by salient stimuli and participate in appetitive and aversive learning via connections with nigral GABA and dopamine neurons. [Prefrontal Cortex Predicts State Switches during Reversal Learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30231-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/5Axrf142vvQ7RAfeCD_FvtZOoKWOfTs8yzI99TwM8vk=145) Ramon Bartolo, Bruno B. Averbeck Bartolo and Averbeck show that primates infer changes in reward contingencies, consistent with Bayesian inference strategies, incorporating knowledge about task structure to quickly adjust their behavior. Posterior probability estimates correlate with neural ensemble activity in prefrontal cortex, suggesting that the brain implements Bayesian-like mechanisms for state inference. Correction --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neural Correlates of Reinforcement Learning in Mid-lateral Cerebellum](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30390-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000172c30e4a30-2c518d6a-5780-438c-bdc0-54a9da8deaae-000000/XK_suV1ZuKdG4UCQ-K4D2wQHfcA6uvmM9KffKr0LGHk=145) Naveen Sendhilnathan, Mulugeta Semework, Michael E. Goldberg, Anna E. 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