Neuron: February 19, 2020 (Volume 105, Issue 4)

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[Learn more and submit your paper](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcell-reports-medicine/2/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/jzb5IEstOHGM3gUrwaYV5wkBuRM=149) Featured Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Advanced Neurotechnologies for the Restoration of Motor Function](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30066-0/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/MUspI8neR4QoNWtkoNaIcaXmZjY=149) Micera et al. Featured Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Molecular Tuning of the Axonal Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter Ensures Metabolic Flexibility of Neurotransmission](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30984-5/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/ZRG1_NWRESLdIvqfh1xmjRFinKc=149) Ashrafi et al. [Dopaminergic and Prefrontal Basis of Learning from Sensory Confidence and Reward Value](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30982-1/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/2fN16P1XgzluC3I7ews0pjOVfBM=149) Lak et al. Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Inference-Based Decisions in a Hidden State Foraging Task: Differential Contributions of Prefrontal Cortical Areas](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30043-X/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/IpgBZWLgio4OGUFatTvsioxokyQ=149) Vertechi et al. [Individual Variation in Functional Topography of Association Networks in Youth](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30055-6/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/j1OJa1qXltY6O_gxh1O8ltmgj14=149) Cui et al. [Dopaminergic Transmission Rapidly and Persistently Enhances Excitability of D1 Receptor-Expressing Striatal Projection Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30054-4/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/v_Cu6BbO6sfeDxHvnDJ0jzL6y08=149) Lahiri et al. [Assembly-Specific Disruption of Hippocampal Replay Leads to Selective Memory Deficit](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30047-7/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/3tmy_3K4e4VdT4jsAN-796VDd44=149) Gridchyn et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FIyczttx4OQ0/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/9KMBo6Y7xWAgXQIPR5fJyqgkxaY=149 [Linking Space and Reward in a Hippocampal-Accumbens Network](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)31008-6/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/_jy7deoAg42G8l8lctLlJT4EDT8=149) Using simultaneous multi-region recordings in rats, Sosa et al. reveal distinct networks of NAc neurons engaged during dorsal versus ventral hippocampal memory processes. NAc neurons encoding spatial and reward information are activated only by the dorsal, and not ventral, hippocampus. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Currently Unstable: Daily Ups and Downs in E-I Balance](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30062-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/wtwkQ6r8KgMgcbH7k3cTzx7bDKc=149) Samuel J. Brunwasser, Keith B. Hengen Balance between excitation and inhibition (E-I balance) in neural circuits is believed to be tightly regulated. To the contrary, in this issue of Neuron, Bridi et al. (2020) reveal that inverse oscillations of synaptic inhibition and excitation lead to peaks and valleys in E-I balance across the 24 h day. [Not Fade Away: Mechanisms of Neuronal ATP Homeostasis](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30050-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/Mw-x3QMoO4bIO296co9kNElpZSg=149) Graeme W. Davis In this issue of Neuron, Ashrafi et al. (2020) identify a feedforward signaling mechanism that couples neuronal activity to the homeostatic maintenance of axonal and synaptic ATP production. This mechanism is achieved via changes in cytoplasmic calcium and activation of brain-specific, mitochondrial MICU3. [Can the VTA Come Out to Play? Only When the mPFC’s Predictions Go Astray!](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30063-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/3qhrxjB6pjr3nR2tlXeABhjmAUU=149) Alexandra Stolyarova, Andrew M. Wikenheiser Confidence in perceptual decisions scales neural responses to violations in reward expectation. In this issue of Neuron, Lak et al. (2020) show that the medial prefrontal cortex in mice computes a confidence-dependent expectation signal that influences how dopamine neurons convey reward prediction errors to guide learning. [Precision Functional Mapping of Corticostriatal and Corticothalamic Circuits: Parallel Processing Reconsidered](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30051-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/I9T-QLu6J3WUtDPuanTp5oGoBGU=149) Charles J. Lynch, Conor Liston In this issue of Neuron, Greene et al. (2020) identify zones of network specificity and multi-network integration in the basal ganglia and thalamus of individual human subjects. Such information could aid in the development of personalized and more effective brain stimulation therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. Editorial --------------------------------------------------------------- [Science that Inspires](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30049-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/AT3qySZv0sTW3f0cuPjC1jjtkME=149) MEETING REPORT --------------------------------------------------------------- [Accelerating the Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)31089-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/w_2d3y2pIbZXJIxuPSfIDhsAzzg=149) The PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) Global Collaboration Workshop and Consortium Open Access Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Advanced Neurotechnologies for the Restoration of Motor Function](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(20)30066-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/ZDCZe99g-0Jpfyc2QsFdzkWalLA=149) Silvestro Micera, Matteo Caleo, Carmelo Chisari, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Alessandra Pedrocchi The use of advanced technological solutions (“neurotechnologies”) can improve the clinical outcomes of neurorehabilitation after stroke. Here, Micera et al. propose a paradigm shift that is based on a deep understanding of the basic mechanisms of natural stroke recovery and technology-assisted neurorehabilitation to improve the clinical effectiveness of neurotechnology. Report --------------------------------------------------------------- [Daily Oscillation of the Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Visual Cortical Circuits](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30974-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/74a9m8V_ii-jEW3V_hLuqKBhDwE=149) Michelle C.D. Bridi, Fang-Jiao Zong, Xia Min, Nancy Luo, Trinh Tran, Jiaqian Qiu, Daniel Severin, Xue-Ting Zhang, Guanglin Wang, Zheng-Jiang Zhu, Kai-Wen He, Alfredo Kirkwood Bridi et al. investigate whether inhibition tracks known changes in excitation over the 24-h day to maintain a stable excitation/inhibition ratio. Surprisingly, the excitation/inhibition ratio is dynamic over the day in feedback, but not feedforward, visual cortical circuits. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Nicotinamide Pathway-Dependent Sirt1 Activation Restores Calcium Homeostasis to Achieve Neuroprotection in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30983-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/GzS03vIORNRT1Guh9o2xAxMJl2U=149) Colleen A. Stoyas, David D. Bushart, Pawel M. Switonski, Jacqueline M. Ward, Akshay Alaghatta, Mi-bo Tang, Chenchen Niu, Mandheer Wadhwa, Haoran Huang, Alex Savchenko, Karim Gariani, Fang Xie, Joseph R. Delaney, Terry Gaasterland, Johan Auwerx, Vikram G. Shakkottai, Albert R. La Spada How does Sirtuin-1 achieve neuroprotection? By studying SCA7, an inherited cerebellar degenerative disorder, Stoyas et al. discover that Sirtuin-1 mediates transcriptional activation of calcium regulatory genes in a NAD-dependent fashion, revealing a number of shared therapy targets for cerebellar ataxia. [Antibody Therapy Targeting RAN Proteins Rescues C9 ALS/FTD Phenotypes in C9orf72 Mouse Model](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30970-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/AzpP3eeJeE6Tq6x9S6i5yPgd6oQ=149) Lien Nguyen, Fabio Montrasio, Amrutha Pattamatta, Solaleh Khoramian Tusi, Olgert Bardhi, Kevin D. Meyer, Lindsey Hayes, Katsuya Nakamura, Monica Banez-Coronel, Alyssa Coyne, Shu Guo, Lauren A. Laboissonniere, Yuanzheng Gu, Saravanakumar Narayanan, Benjamin Smith, Roger M. Nitsch, Mark W. Kankel, Mia Rushe, Jeffrey Rothstein, Tao Zu, Jan Grimm, Laura P.W. Ranum Nguyen et al. show that targeting polyGA proteins with a human antibody reduces GA aggregates and improves survival, behavior, and neurodegeneration in C9-BAC mice. These data demonstrate that RAN proteins drive disease and describe a novel therapeutic strategy for C9orf72 ALS/FTD. [A Discrete Presynaptic Vesicle Cycle for Neuromodulator Receptors](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30979-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/-jyiB4xHkXy-phmVRuGu0fzbezI=149) Damien Jullié, Miriam Stoeber, Jean-Baptiste Sibarita, Hanna L. Zieger, Thomas M. Bartol, Seksiri Arttamangkul, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Eric Hosy, Mark von Zastrow Presynaptic inhibition is presently thought to require clustering of neuromodulator receptors at the surface of terminals. Jullié et al. show that opioid receptors are diffusely distributed and delineate an alternate strategy using receptor mobility and local endocytic cycling. [Molecular Tuning of the Axonal Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter Ensures Metabolic Flexibility of Neurotransmission](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30984-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/Lu8lZYmtXbMdB84mwjgPhLYurEM=149) Ghazaleh Ashrafi, Jaime de Juan-Sanz, Ryan J. Farrell, Timothy A. Ryan Nerve terminals in the brain must synthesize ATP on demand to sustain function. Here, Ashrafi, de Juan-Sanz, et al. show that axonal mitochondria use the brain-specific MCU regulator MICU3 to allow efficient Ca2+ uptake in order to accelerate ATP production. [Continuous and Discrete Neuron Types of the Adult Murine Striatum](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30967-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/PXLVwaNicfzPyLeVtznV--vrDZM=149) Geoffrey Stanley, Ozgun Gokce, Robert C. Malenka, Thomas C. Südhof, Stephen R. Quake Stanley et al. show that discrete, step-like gene expression heterogeneity defines four major striatal neuron types but does not provide spatial information. Within each discrete type, they find multiple axes of continuous, gradient-like heterogeneity that directly encode anatomical location. [Dopaminergic and Prefrontal Basis of Learning from Sensory Confidence and Reward Value](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30982-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/U4skzz8w6biAnjLuWSbuxE-7uZ4=149) Armin Lak, Michael Okun, Morgane M. Moss, Harsha Gurnani, Karolina Farrell, Miles J. Wells, Charu Bai Reddy, Adam Kepecs, Kenneth D. Harris, Matteo Carandini Open Access Lak et al. model the choices made by mice in a visual task with biased rewards and establish neural correlates of the model’s variables, revealing how choices and learning depend on sensory confidence and reward value. [The Transition from Evaluation to Selection Involves Neural Subspace Reorganization in Core Reward Regions](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30976-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/5to-uorwRu4wboqwVSaEDNWfRzE=149) Seng Bum Michael Yoo, Benjamin Y. Hayden Economic choice proceeds from evaluation, in which we contemplate options, to selection, in which we weigh options and choose one. Yoo and Hayden show that these two stages are associated with orthogonalized subspaces. This orthogonalization may help keep two processes taking place in the same area from interfering. [Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples Activate Distinct Nucleus Accumbens Networks](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)31008-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/4XHHqGdVOuDij_y0OxgDWokcY58=149) Marielena Sosa, Hannah R. Joo, Loren M. Frank Using simultaneous multi-region recordings in rats, Sosa et al. reveal distinct networks of NAc neurons engaged during dorsal versus ventral hippocampal memory processes. NAc neurons encoding spatial and reward information are activated only by the dorsal, and not ventral, hippocampus. [Integrative and Network-Specific Connectivity of the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus Defined in Individuals](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30975-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001705edb4b95-441290c8-b53a-4178-9a3d-6123108a5f14-000000/T8fKJdL3d_9u3l-n8IC_lp0lQJ4=149) Deanna J. Greene, Scott Marek, Evan M. Gordon, Joshua S. Siegel, Caterina Gratton, Timothy O. Laumann, Adrian W. Gilmore, Jeffrey J. Berg, Annie L. Nguyen, Donna Dierker, Andrew N. Van, Mario Ortega, Dillan J. Newbold, Jacqueline M. Hampton, Ashley N. Nielsen, Kathleen B. McDermott, Jarod L. Roland, Scott A. Norris, Steven M. Nelson, Abraham Z. Snyder, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Steven E. Petersen, Nico U.F. Dosenbach Individual functional mapping of the human subcortex revealed network integration zones (motor, cognitive, visual attention) that were variable and consistent across people. These individualized maps of cortico-subcortical circuits may have immediate clinical translation for invasive personalized treatments (e.g., deep brain stimulation). 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