Neuron: August 7, 2019 (Volume 103, Issue 3)

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Featured Article --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Specialized Neural Circuit Gates Social Vocalizations in the Mouse](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30478-7/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/qBKlGlHiKwVkVfXrgWzsBLyj-IM=122) Tschida et al. Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [ADF/Cofilin-Mediated Actin Turnover Promotes Axon Regeneration in the Adult CNS](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30633-6/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/uub53MJCfq2x8e-nU_5ps-qMROY=122) Tedeschi et al. [Synergistic Coding of Visual Information in Columnar Networks](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30632-4/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/SYDc7GMk7Oai3B0koAOeLppGgTU=122) Nigam et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FZxEqyrvgc2c/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/VB1vlX4AX6MxxMSrfTJMHUxBVaY=122 [Specialized Midbrain Neurons Gate Vocalizations](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30478-7/2/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/PsbYVHUxmRjvcBvb3HYVNwAQlQE=122) Tschida et al. describe their recent work in which they identify and characterize a specialized population of midbrain neurons that gates the production of social vocalizations in the mouse. They anticipate that similar cells reside in the midbrain of all vocalizing vertebrates and that this circuit plays a highly conserved role in vocal communication. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Cholinergic Interneurons Provide a Link to Balance Excitation across Striatal Output Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30649-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/Kj6ChnBk7Y01W8dEk_PIsZqB5GE=122) Sheng Gong, Christopher P. Ford D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs mediate output from the accumbens. How activity of one regulates the other is poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Francis et al. (2019) show that D1-MSN firing induces D2-MSN LTP via the recruitment of cholinergic interneurons. [The Basal Ganglia Sensory System Listens to Prefrontal Task Needs](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30644-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/PvJyeQB7If7AVRvNb0IoU_Xn4Ek=122) Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida The prefrontal cortex modifies the sensory system to focus attention. In this issue of Neuron, Nakajima et al. (2019) fill the gap between the prefrontal cortex and the sensory system with an overlooked basal ganglia pathway. [The Ministry of Fear: ‘The Conjuring’ of Fright in the Amygdala by the Raphe](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30646-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/h-HLJYSgyF4qpzoUYKBJJ2cAQ5E=122) Praachi Tiwari, Sashaina E. Fanibunda, Vidita A. Vaidya In this issue of Neuron, Sengupta and Holmes (2019) characterize a distinct serotonergic circuit from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the basal amygdala that facilitates fear conditioning and memory. [Timing Rewarding Movements](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30650-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/usq0JRr0Pc1JfUzt8AYcEbQQZi0=122) Rachael Stentiford, Nadia L. Cerminara Preparatory activity is found across the motor network. In this issue of Neuron, Chabrol et al. (2019) show that preparatory activity in the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and cerebellum is related to the prediction of reward delivery and that the cerebellum provides a learned timing signal to the ALM. [Re-exploring Mechanisms of Exploration](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30647-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/pbkitY6rsHlYWLC0XjJRdlbLrGE=122) Tamar Reitich-Stolero, Kristoffer C. Aberg, Rony Paz Deciding when to exploit what is already known and when to explore new possibilities is crucial for adapting to novel and dynamic environments. Using reinforcement-based decision making, Costa et al. (2019) in this issue of Neuron find that neurons in the amygdala and ventral-striatum differentially signal the benefit from exploring new options and exploiting familiar ones. Spotlight --------------------------------------------------------------- [Ring of Power: A Band of Peptidergic Midbrain Neurons that Binds Motivation](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30648-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/dmcEvmCdVPiv7DEo_FQPIJqqfPE=122) Anne L. Collins, Amy R. Wolff, Benjamin T. Saunders A recent Cell paper identifies a novel population of neurons within the ventral tegmental area producing the endogenous opioid nociceptin that regulates dopamine neuron firing and acts uniquely to gate motivation in reward seeking. These results highlight neuropeptidergic signaling as a critical component of functional heterogeneity in the midbrain. Reviews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Cerebral Microvascular Injury: A Potentially Treatable Endophenotype of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30530-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/sFu76uyrL9aLs65AdlvBOWS5AjM=122) Danielle K. Sandsmark, Asma Bashir, Cheryl L. Wellington, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia Sandsmark et al. review the evidence of microvascular dysfunction in human and animal TBI, explore the role of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease, and discuss the potential for vascular-directed therapies in ameliorating TBI-related neurodegeneration. [CaM Kinase: Still Inspiring at 40](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30486-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/tRR0pe4CpMyXDxm7xhT0b7EBzfY=122) K. Ulrich Bayer, Howard Schulman Bayer and Schulman discuss CaMKII in the context of other CaM kinases, its complex regulation, and diverse neuronal functions, including as a central regulator of neuronal plasticity and learning. Neuroresource --------------------------------------------------------------- [Open Source Brain: A Collaborative Resource for Visualizing, Analyzing, Simulating, and Developing Standardized Models of Neurons and Circuits](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30444-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/dYyK18EaKq_aDcOH5azBaZqR77U=122) Padraig Gleeson, Matteo Cantarelli, Boris Marin, Adrian Quintana, Matt Earnshaw, Sadra Sadeh, Eugenio Piasini, Justas Birgiolas, Robert C. Cannon, N. Alex Cayco-Gajic, Sharon Crook, Andrew P. Davison, Salvador Dura-Bernal, András Ecker, Michael L. Hines, Giovanni Idili, Frederic Lanore, Stephen D. Larson, William W. Lytton, Amitava Majumdar, Robert A. McDougal, Subhashini Sivagnanam, Sergio Solinas, Rokas Stanislovas, Sacha J. van Albada, Werner van Geit, R. Angus Silver Open Access Open Source Brain is an online resource of neuronal and circuit models that enables browser-based visualization, analysis, and simulation. Gleeson et al. describe how the resource and tools for collaborative model development provide accessible, up-to-date models from different brain regions. Reports --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neuronally Enriched RUFY3 Is Required for Caspase-Mediated Axon Degeneration](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30483-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/3NSs73lgWpTTHF9_dsCiMb48vPU=122) Nicholas T. Hertz, Eliza L. Adams, Ross A. Weber, Rebecca J. Shen, Melanie K. O’Rourke, David J. Simon, Henry Zebroski, Olav Olsen, Charles W. Morgan, Trevor R. Mileur, Angela M. Hitchcock, Nicholas A. Sinnott Armstrong, Michael Wainberg, Michael C. Bassik, Henrik Molina, James A. Wells, Marc Tessier-Lavigne Hertz et al. identify the neuronally enriched protein RUFY3 as a key regulator downstream of (or in parallel to) caspase-3 in axon degeneration. RUFY3 is dephosphorylated and cleaved during degeneration. RUFY3 may provide a neuron-specific control point for neurons to locally control axon degeneration. [Paraventricular Thalamus Projection Neurons Integrate Cortical and Hypothalamic Signals for Cue-Reward Processing](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30443-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/bfIdg6w2oBoxA0lkqXT8wFeAWtU=122) James M. Otis, ManHua Zhu, Vijay M.K. Namboodiri, Cory A. Cook, Oksana Kosyk, Ana M. Matan, Rose Ying, Yoshiko Hashikawa, Koichi Hashikawa, Ivan Trujillo-Pisanty, Jiami Guo, Randall L. Ung, Jose Rodriguez-Romaguera, E.S. Anton, Garret D. Stuber The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus is a substrate underlying reward seeking. Otis, Zhu, et al. demonstrate that projection-defined thalamic neurons are controlled by dissociable response features in cortical and hypothalamic inputs during reward processing. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [High-Frequency Activation of Nucleus Accumbens D1-MSNs Drives Excitatory Potentiation on D2-MSNs](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30484-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/fKzDKnlTwHu6EWrjN85nj0BEIUU=122) T. Chase Francis, Hideaki Yano, Tyler G. Demarest, Hui Shen, Antonello Bonci Reward outcomes depend on the stimulation protocol used to activate nucleus accumbens medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes. In this issue of Neuron, Francis et al. demonstrate rebalanced MSN subtype excitation driven by high-frequency stimulation and substance P release. [Prefrontal Cortex Regulates Sensory Filtering through a Basal Ganglia-to-Thalamus Pathway](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30479-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/Pudp-ZoFvCpyfSQ2x00Aq-L4HbI=122) Miho Nakajima, L.Ian Schmitt, Michael M. Halassa Making sense of a noisy world depends on active filtering of behaviorally relevant sensory information. Nakajima et al. illuminates a pathway that implements this function, demonstrating how control circuits regulate early sensory processing to suppress distractors and improve behaviorally relevant signals. [A Specialized Neural Circuit Gates Social Vocalizations in the Mouse](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30478-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/t3x6X-1OCwF9dL3sllKKeGrBPVc=122) Katherine Tschida, Valerie Michael, Jun Takatoh, Bao-Xia Han, Shengli Zhao, Katsuyasu Sakurai, Richard Mooney, Fan Wang Tschida et al. use an intersectional method to identify specialized midbrain neurons whose activity is necessary and sufficient for the production of social vocalizations in the mouse, affording an entry point for genetically dissecting the brain-wide circuits for vocal communication. [A VTA GABAergic Neural Circuit Mediates Visually Evoked Innate Defensive Responses](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30480-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/2arGzKrwpU4yts8H5MAmqgI8ryA=122) Zheng Zhou, Xuemei Liu, Shanping Chen, Zhijian Zhang, Yuanming Liu, Quentin Montardy, Yongqiang Tang, Pengfei Wei, Nan Liu, Lei Li, Ru Song, Juan Lai, Xiaobin He, Chen Chen, Guoqiang Bi, Guoping Feng, Fuqiang Xu, Liping Wang Zhou et al. identified a neural circuit related to VTAGABA+ neurons that mediates visually evoked innate defensive responses, involving the SCGlut+- VTAGABA+-CeA pathway. [A Discrete Dorsal Raphe to Basal Amygdala 5-HT Circuit Calibrates Aversive Memory](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30482-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/nwefLSR_nHYgc2Lse0FEURMaETI=122) Ayesha Sengupta, Andrew Holmes Sengupta and Holmes use in vivo imaging, optogenetic, electrophysiological, and histological approaches to investigate the circuit-specific role of the DRN→BA 5-HT pathway in fear learning. They show this pathway is uniquely positioned, functionally and anatomically, to shape fear memory. [Cerebellar Contribution to Preparatory Activity in Motor Neocortex](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30447-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/IESw90kZb7Z2vAVcn2ibz-FJvLA=122) Francois P. Chabrol, Antonin Blot, Thomas D. Mrsic-Flogel Open Access Chabrol et al. show that the cerebellum is directly involved in maintaining preparatory activity in the premotor neocortex during learned, goal-directed behavior. Their results suggest the cerebellum provides a learned timing signal required for motor preparation in the neocortex. [Transforming the Choice Outcome to an Action Plan in Monkey Lateral Prefrontal Cortex: A Neural Circuit Model](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30485-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/sWvW6UfBfQfxfmZ8HwkqVdpcQz8=122) Man Yi Yim, Xinying Cai, Xiao-Jing Wang Yim et al. propose a circuit model that implements good-to-action transformation during economic choice. Heterogeneity in circuit synaptic connections is crucial for the coexistence of distinct functional neuron types, which is confirmed by cluster analysis of neuronal activity in LPFC. [Subcortical Substrates of Explore-Exploit Decisions in Primates](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(19)30442-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100016c7169d500-e42d7848-03e3-4b7c-9719-8d4088663c7a-000000/-I6MO741dD-KXuppnZKk_N2xvnk=122) Vincent D. Costa, Andrew R. Mitz, Bruno B. Averbeck How do we decide whether to explore a new opportunity or stick with what we know? Costa et al. reveal that neurons in amygdala and ventral striatum, motivational centers of the brain, help to solve this complex reinforcement learning problem. 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