Neuron: November 21, 2018 (Volume 100, Issue 4)

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[Check out the latest jobs in the life sciences on the Cell Career Network](%2F%2Fcareers.cell.com%2F/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/VwWy5sH5C7h76YSzUyQH1J45UIo=84) Featured Article --------------------------------------------------------------- [Somatostatin Interneurons Facilitate Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Prefrontal Spatial Encoding](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30831-6/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/hxWxMZdXTsqh1yHTnUI39MpSaBo=84) Atheir I. Abbas, Marina J.M. Sundiang, Britt Henoch, Mitchell P. Morton, Scott S. Bolkan, Alan J. Park, Alexander Z. Harris, Christoph Kellendonk, Joshua A. Gordon/i> Featured Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Best Practices for Translational Disease Modeling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30941-3/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/j7Psax2xtPNpsOl-dNeD_FCRlcw=84) Sandra J. Engle, Laura Blaha, Robin J. Kleiman Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neocortical Topology Governs the Dendritic Integrative Capacity of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30956-5/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/2BiHO6r4YzpCsZNts9r2fG-mtgw=84) Fletcher et al. [Higher-Order Thalamocortical Inputs Gate Synaptic Long-Term Potentiation via Disinhibition](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30957-7/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/fIqkXT5R3aU1DnBAeCEslGD5GM0=84) Williams et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FYQMnEfMQIww/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/n_zBB9r_-E3PqvHMbfI_vCYCIfA=84 [How Brain Tumors Stiffen and Grow](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30848-1/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/sOX-KvTbJ7CjqIQaZjYkFZaQJbs=84) [Xin Chen et al.](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30848-1/2/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/p8EfVMcqj08EaNjpMwK6ajj-ESg=84) reveal that glioma cells are mechanosensitive and that PIEZO1, a force-activated ion channel that converts mechanical cues into cellular signaling, promotes tissue stiffening and glioma tumor growth. %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FndCcDDi5eyA/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/ekWZ7dNnLN-YO0Lq8r7tqxfFOrA=84 [Lost in Translation: Protein Synthesis Inhibition in ALS](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30846-8/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/1y-YBGaDW5G1Nmj0fZ2PEKvv8Ac=84) [López-Erauskin et al.](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30846-8/2/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/ukti5vuSeUZYdS50oUZQ8DjCkZA=84) show that ALS and FTD causing mutations in FUS suppress intra-axonal protein translation without loss of nuclear function or aggregation of FUS. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Unlocking the Dangers of a Stiffening Brain](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)31002-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/zu98AdSg5eECr7GkrE_TelZLbk8=84) Shelly Kaushik, Anders I. Persson Mechanical cues regulate neuronal function and reactivity of glial cells, the origin of gliomas. In this issue of Neuron, Chen et al. (2018) uncover a feedforward loop mediated by the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 and tissue stiffness that drives glioma aggression. [Remembering a Bad Taste](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)31003-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/PM6pAHodZx172UsYJmx246y5O0U=84) Arnab Barik, Michael J. Krashes The phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is generated after ingestion of a specific food is associated with an adverse outcome, i.e., sickness. In this issue of Neuron, Chen et al. (2018) interrogate the pivotal role of PBNCGRP neurons in both the acquisition and the expression of CTA. [The Theta Rhythm Mixes and Matches Gamma Oscillations Cycle by Cycle](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30999-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/jbQqnvbKeX9vmASWgfSs-W3Niqg=84) Sophie Bagur, Karim Benchenane In the hippocampus, gamma power modulation by the theta rhythm is interpreted as the signature of temporally coordinated inputs that reflect ongoing processing. In this issue of Neuron, Lopes-Dos-Santos et al. (2018) develop a new methodology demonstrating that theta cycles can be viewed as individual computational units characterized by typical gamma profiles. [Adapting Fine with a Little Help from the Null Space](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30998-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/KPaji5qyhHqa8i51gDw-9SmRcgc=84) Matthew T. Kaufman During motor adaptation, the brain must learn to produce new muscle outputs without disrupting the intricate coordination between numerous motor areas. A new paper (Perich et al., 2018) shows how adaptation can occur in a subset of neural dimensions and avoid muddling inter-area communication. [The Big Reveal: Precision Mapping Shines a Gigantic Floodlight on the Cerebellum](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)31004-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/7bLTgW9haxTL7pu3HLeqkKfBoj0=84) Damien A. Fair The cerebellum, a brain structure historically considered to be important for motor coordination, is often overlooked in terms of its role in higher-order control processing. Using resting-state functional connectivity and precision mapping, Marek et al. (2018) illuminate the cerebellum as an important source of individual variation in brain function and cognition. Spotlights --------------------------------------------------------------- [Getting Too Old Too Quickly for Their Job: Senescent Glial Cells Promote Neurodegeneration](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30997-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/XCmOjioBWfIjD_ZU9b7fRGAa8X8=84) David Gosselin, Serge Rivest In a provocative study recently published in Nature, Bussian et al. (2018) report that in tauopathies, glial cells, but not neurons, may be prone to enter cell senescence. Importantly, eliminating senescent glial cells preserves neuronal functions and prevents cognitive decline. [A Pathway to Avoiding Threats?](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)31005-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/zB5yONn01Qiyzv1Y4OB6D7XEsoM=84) Xian Zhang, Bo Li How does our brain give rise to passive or active defensive responses when we are confronted with threats? In a recent study in Cell, Terburg, Scheggia and colleagues (Terburg et al., 2018) show that, in both humans and rats, a pathway originating from the amygdala can help suppress passive responses, thereby facilitating active responses to imminent threats. Primer --------------------------------------------------------------- [Best Practices for Translational Disease Modeling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30941-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/qbKLXuqxwFs66lY1zJb37iy0oQ4=84) Sandra J. Engle, Laura Blaha, Robin J. Kleiman Stem cell biology has become part of the mainstream toolkit of cellular neuroscience. Engle et al. provide guidance on best practices for using iPSC-derived neurons for disease modeling with a focus on enabling screening platforms amenable to therapeutic drug discovery. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Feedforward Mechanism Mediated by Mechanosensitive Ion Channel PIEZO1 and Tissue Mechanics Promotes Glioma Aggression](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30848-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/-iSsApSq_G8Nawx9jLXJQ5Ciqcg=84) Xin Chen, Siyi Wanggou, Ankur Bodalia, Min Zhu, Weifan Dong, Jerry J. Fan, Wen Chi Yin, Hyun-Kee Min, Malini Hu, Diana Draghici, Wenkun Dou, Feng Li, Fiona J. Coutinho, Heather Whetstone, Michelle M. Kushida, Peter B. Dirks, Yuanquan Song, Chi-chung Hui, Yu Sun, Lu-Yang Wang, Xuejun Li, Xi Huang PIEZO1 is an ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into cellular signaling. Here, Chen et al. perform multi-species studies to define a feedforward circuit mediated by PIEZO1 and tumor tissue mechanics to promote glioma growth. [ALS/FTD-Linked Mutation in FUS Suppresses Intra-axonal Protein Synthesis and Drives Disease Without Nuclear Loss-of-Function of FUS](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30846-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/mGLaNcO8bb-HzIassukHojD_d2U=84) Jone López-Erauskin, Takahiro Tadokoro, Michael W. Baughn, Brian Myers, Melissa McAlonis-Downes, Carlos Chillon-Marinas, Joshua N. Asiaban, Jonathan Artates, Anh T. Bui, Anne P. Vetto, Sandra K. Lee, Ai Vy Le, Ying Sun, Mélanie Jambeau, Jihane Boubaker, Deborah Swing, Jinsong Qiu, Geoffrey G. Hicks, Zhengyu Ouyang, Xiang-Dong Fu, Lino Tessarollo, Shuo-Chien Ling, Philippe A. Parone, Christopher E. Shaw, Martin Marsala, Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne, Don W. Cleveland, Sandrine Da Cruz Open Access Mutations in FUS are causative of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). López-Erauskin et al. show that disease-causing mutant FUS inhibits intra-axonal protein synthesis and provokes hippocampal synaptic loss and dysfunction without loss of nuclear FUS function or FUS aggregation. [Neonatal Tbr1 Dosage Controls Cortical Layer 6 Connectivity](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30829-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/Crsdrpka9alIJ0tmqEAsbUfjw_8=84) Siavash Fazel Darbandi, Sarah E. Robinson Schwartz, Qihao Qi, Rinaldo Catta-Preta, Emily Ling-Lin Pai, Jeffrey D. Mandell, Amanda Everitt, Anna Rubin, Rebecca A. Krasnoff, Sol Katzman, David Tastad, Alex S. Nord, A. Jeremy Willsey, Bin Chen, Matthew W. State, Vikaas S. Sohal, John L.R. Rubenstein TBR1 directly regulates transcriptional circuits in heterozygous mutant mice that specify layer 6 identity and synapse number. As TBR1 is an ASD risk gene, our results provide insights into mechanisms that underlie ASD pathophysiology. [Rbfox1 Mediates Cell-type-Specific Splicing in Cortical Interneurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30828-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/Ch7ussTAHxP0M42U-zSpiTQTIo0=84) Brie Wamsley, Xavier Hubert Jaglin, Emilia Favuzzi, Giulia Quattrocolo, Maximiliano José Nigro, Nusrath Yusuf, Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran, Bernardo Rudy, Gord Fishell Wamsley et al. uncover a role of the splicing regulator Rbfox1 in promoting interneuron-specific connectivity in the developing neocortex. By differentially regulating alternative splicing profiles in PV+ and SST+ interneurons, Rbfox1 tailors their efferent connectivity. [Long-Term Potentiation Requires a Rapid Burst of Dendritic Mitochondrial Fission during Induction](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30827-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/keQF4e8sEuLBv-_z-2okgHDbw_U=84) Sai Sachin Divakaruni, Adam M. Van Dyke, Ramesh Chandra, Tara A. LeGates, Minerva Contreras, Poorna A. Dharmasri, Henry N. Higgs, Mary Kay Lobo, Scott M. Thompson, Thomas A. Blanpied Divakaruni et al. showed that LTP induction prompts dendritic mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial Ca2+ transients (mCaTs), delineated a novel mechanism of activity-dependent fission regulation in neurons, and demonstrated that mCaTs and both structural and electrophysiological LTP require mitochondrial fission. [Brain-wide Organization of Neuronal Activity and Convergent Sensorimotor Transformations in Larval Zebrafish](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30844-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/PFyErGtg415Ho_XDOmuuT2FWt2E=84) Xiuye Chen, Yu Mu, Yu Hu, Aaron T. Kuan, Maxim Nikitchenko, Owen Randlett, Alex B. Chen, Jeffery P. Gavornik, Haim Sompolinsky, Florian Engert, Misha B. Ahrens Chen et al. examine brain-wide functional organization in larval zebrafish under diverse visual stimulus conditions. They systematically characterize neurons related to convergent sensorimotor processing as well as extract concerted brain-wide activity patterns beyond sensorimotor contexts. [Parabrachial CGRP Neurons Establish and Sustain Aversive Taste Memories](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30834-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/WtgOTHoahWwDu_rtttiDOtgo6Kk=84) Jane Y. Chen, Carlos A. Campos, Brooke C. Jarvie, Richard D. Palmiter Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) develops when ingestion of a novel food is accompanied by gastrointestinal malaise. Chen et al. demonstrate that parabrachial CGRP neurons are not only necessary for learning CTA but are also active during expression of those memories. [Intermingled Ensembles in Visual Association Cortex Encode Stimulus Identity or Predicted Outcome](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30826-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/JjQRp3Xd_x9FfL4EzvNTWvYNGns=84) Rohan N. Ramesh, Christian R. Burgess, Arthur U. Sugden, Michael Gyetvan, Mark L. Andermann Ramesh, Burgess, and colleagues uncover intermingled ensembles of neurons in lateral visual association cortex that mostly track either stimulus identity or predicted outcome. Outcome-tracking, but not identity-tracking, neurons showed a response bias to food-predicting cues and sensitivity to reward history. [Dopamine Neurons Reflect the Uncertainty in Fear Generalization](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30830-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/awU5zij1cELaq9e9lwUwhEn_Djc=84) Yong S. Jo, Gabriel Heymann, Larry S. Zweifel Jo et al. demonstrate that dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area encode the prediction of future threat. They demonstrate that elevated threat levels and increased uncertainty of threats induce fear generalization that is reflected in the dopamine code. [Somatostatin Interneurons Facilitate Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Prefrontal Spatial Encoding](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30831-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/Q1irdQnYqemvhkmH0gaXk9jG1Os=84) Atheir I. Abbas, Marina J.M. Sundiang, Britt Henoch, Mitchell P. Morton, Scott S. Bolkan, Alan J. Park, Alexander Z. Harris, Christoph Kellendonk, Joshua A. Gordon Abbas et al. examine the role of somatostatin and parvalbumin interneurons during spatial working memory. They find that somatostatin, but not parvalbumin, interneurons support working memory performance by facilitating hippocampal-prefrontal interactions and associated spatial encoding. [Parsing Hippocampal Theta Oscillations by Nested Spectral Components during Spatial Exploration and Memory-Guided Behavior](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30833-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/QU4EDwxzTc3kc8JlRBmgFUHrTwE=84) Vítor Lopes-dos-Santos, Gido M. van de Ven, Alexander Morley, Stéphanie Trouche, Natalia Campo-Urriza, David Dupret Open Access Lopes-dos-Santos et al. reveal that the cycle-to-cycle variability of CA1 theta oscillations, often averaged out as biological noise, reflects dynamic tuning of hippocampal operations related to different stages of memory processing. [Gamma Synchronization between V1 and V4 Improves Behavioral Performance](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30821-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/chl7wi5lH6BIgPVP3KnrjxWRi-o=84) Gustavo Rohenkohl, Conrado Arturo Bosman, Pascal Fries Rohenkohl et al. show that visually induced interareal gamma synchronization between the primary and higher visual cortex occurs at the phase relation that optimally subserves stimulus transmission. This directly links interareal synchronization to behavior, strongly supporting the “Communication through Coherence” hypothesis. [A Neural Population Mechanism for Rapid Learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30832-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/0Ce_BqI-ybGXbbP8-Z8TvaeS6Xg=84) Matthew G. Perich, Juan A. Gallego, Lee E. Miller Behavioral adaptation occurs rapidly, even after single errors. Perich et al. propose that the premotor cortex can exploit an “output-null” subspace to learn to adjust its output to downstream regions in response to behavioral errors. [Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Individual Human Cerebellum](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30898-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/OlEmTNbHLjuAX-GKExrUBPL5bo0=84) Scott Marek, Joshua S. Siegel, Evan M. Gordon, Ryan V. Raut, Caterina Gratton, Dillan J. Newbold, Mario Ortega, Timothy O. Laumann, Babatunde Adeyemo, Derek B. Miller, Annie Zheng, Katherine C. Lopez, Jeffrey J. Berg, Rebecca S. Coalson, Annie L. Nguyen, Donna Dierker, Andrew N. Van, Catherine R. Hoyt, Kathleen B. McDermott, Scott A. Norris, Joshua S. Shimony, Abraham Z. Snyder, Steven M. Nelson, Deanna M. Barch, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Marcus E. Raichle, Steven E. Petersen, Deanna J. Greene, Nico U.F. Dosenbach Cerebellar functional networks are topographically individual-specific. Cerebellar intrinsic fMRI signals lag those in cortex by 100–400 ms. The frontoparietal control network is greatly overrepresented (>2-fold), suggesting that the cerebellum is important for the adaptive control of the brain’s cognitive processes. [Attenuating Neural Threat Expression with Imagination](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30955-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/01000167378cb98f-a806f652-cce8-40d1-bf76-0b278a59fe8e-000000/nG7hr15IVshiduPvh7u6h0PSuqU=84) Marianne Cumella Reddan, Tor Dessart Wager, Daniela Schiller Reddan et al. demonstrate that threat responses can be extinguished through imagined simulations of the conditioned stimuli. Like real extinction, imagined extinction engages the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and related perceptual cortices. Nucleus accumbens activity predicts an individual’s ability to successfully extinguish via imagination. 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