Neuron: October 10, 2018 (Volume 100, Issue 1)

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[Check out the latest jobs in the life sciences on the Cell Career Network](%2F%2Fcareers.cell.com%2F/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/RcoqC25kAToarwW2wcn7JxuCGx4=78) Featured Article --------------------------------------------------------------- [An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Imaging](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30768-2/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/PT-9Ss0C0_VF3lafbVpo9fnDmtQ=78) Milham et al. Featured Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neuroethics Questions to Guide Ethical Research in the International Brain Initiatives](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30823-7/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/3JCI5EQMrMR0OY5YlH5Ddc9ckUk=78) Global Neuroethics Summit Delegates Karen S. Rommelfanger, Sung-Jin Jeong, Arisa Ema, Tamami Fukushi, Kiyoto Kasai, Khara M. Ramos, Arleen Salles, Ilina Singh Online Now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Ephaptic Coupling Promotes Synchronous Firing of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30820-1/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/nxfkgWePUxVT19nDPU_RaM7o3QQ=78) Han et al. [Neural Coding of Leg Proprioception in Drosophila](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30782-7/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/qnSZcGQbn_daAvbkKyodaIDfwwk=78) Mamiya et al. Video Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------- %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FfAefE_ol43E/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/Tya2QXZUoOdTdq_dAJADO2V1Hs4=78 [Biomimetic Sensory Feedback Enhances Prosthesis Naturalness, Sensitivity, and Dexterity](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30738-4/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/yIZzosaR0XSr7evSS6EFOBqCRx4=78) Sensory-encoding strategies are used to convey sensory information to upper limb amputees. Valle et al. present strategies based on biomimetic approaches that improve sensation naturalness, tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and prosthesis embodiment. %2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FK-uCXBoVG4M/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/4TxHP-aB0Rc-2Ua9z2H2wtCjVP4=78 [Distinct V1 Layers Process Local and Global Visual Context](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30723-2/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/L0lgmtPiLoHg0tDlt474HMcmFqA=78) Visual information seen through the tiny receptive field (RF) of a primary visual cortex (V1) neuron is ambiguous and requires integration of information from outside the RF for disambiguation. Bijanzadeh et al. find that distinct V1 layers and circuits integrate local versus global spatial information. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [The Blind Men and the Elephant: The Quest for Open Data Repositories](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30841-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/f24y-hNGb3Wg4JRkqD7nT0_TYBw=78) Wim Vanduffel Nonhuman primate imaging is maturing into a solid subfield within basic and translational neurosciences. In the present issue of Neuron, Milham et al. (2018) present a data repository to openly share anatomical, functional, and diffusion-based neuroimaging data from monkeys. [Spinal Interneurons “à La Carte”](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30836-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/BlWDde8RrQkrGMS-ldUN5zVB9yA=78) Francisco J. Alvarez The study of interneuron diversity in the spinal cord is complex and needs new models that can accelerate discovery. In this issue, Hoang et al. (2018) use ESC-derived neurons to create simplified microcircuits to study spinal interneuron diversification, connectivity, and function. [The Long and Short of It: A Dwarf Neurexin Suffices for Synapse Assembly](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30837-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/XKw2Nb15h1K1pvwx02OBz1PbeZ4=78) Niraja Ramesh, Stephan J. Sigrist Neurexins have been established as a major coordinator of synapse assembly, functioning through interactions with postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules. Kurshan et al. now show that a C. elegans “dwarf neurexin” lacking its extracellular interaction domains can conduct synapse formation independent of postsynaptic partners. [The Fountain of Youth: It’s All in Our Veins](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30840-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/QZ8WAQxVIXLWktQExxZYsLaUJWc=78) Amaia Dominguez-Belloso, Stefan Liebner Cardiovascular dysfunction becomes recognized as a risk for dementia. In this issue of Neuron, Park et al. (2018) report the age-related, brain endothelial-specific upregulation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), leading to blood-brain barrier malfunction, neurodegeneration, and memory deficits that were mitigated by ASM inhibition in mice. [Pericytes: The Brain’s Very First Responders?](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30835-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/YITPc7w2fV6zbHlGhSwFibfjIw4=78) Victoria A. Rafalski, Mario Merlini, Katerina Akassoglou Infection can negatively impact brain functions. Here, Duan et al. show that specific PDGFRβ-expressing cell subtypes of the neurovascular unit release the chemokine CCL2 rapidly after systemic infection, leading to increased neural excitability. Voices --------------------------------------------------------------- [Progress and Future Goals for Neuroscience](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30839-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/di3BsD1zfLfyl_1mlCl-6W1d2O0=78) Scientists reflect on how neuroscience has quickly progressed and continues to open new avenues for great discovery with improvements in imaging, interrogating, and interfacing with the nervous system of experimental model systems and humans. Spotlight --------------------------------------------------------------- [The STATe of the Neuron Leads to Synaptic Stripping](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30838-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/hthNu_fDbvbc7BKCO8kZq9Z9YxU=78) Alma N. Mohebiany, Ari Waisman In a recent issue of Cell, Di Liberto et al. elucidate the mechanisms involved in synaptic stripping during viral infection. Infected neurons orchestrate their own synaptic loss downstream of IFNγ signaling, ultimately attracting phagocytic monocytes into the CNS through CCL2 production. Perspective --------------------------------------------------------------- [Neuroethics Questions to Guide Ethical Research in the International Brain Initiatives](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30823-7%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/QYjYUUgzDDJfgbb42Tyu_29qpPo=78) Global Neuroethics Summit DelegatesKaren S. Rommelfanger, Sung-Jin Jeong, Arisa Ema, Tamami Fukushi, Kiyoto Kasai, Khara M. Ramos, Arleen Salles, Ilina Singh Neuroscience is a national priority across the globe necessitating engagement with the underlying cultural and ethical values that drive brain research. We offer a list of neuroethics questions for neuroscientists to advance and accelerate an ethically tenable globalized neuroscience. Case Study --------------------------------------------------------------- [Biomimetic Intraneural Sensory Feedback Enhances Sensation Naturalness, Tactile Sensitivity, and Manual Dexterity in a Bidirectional Prosthesis](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30738-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/oVOxbn6CrVcJ07rVpp2DZK5XvPc=78) Giacomo Valle, Alberto Mazzoni, Francesco Iberite, Edoardo D’Anna, Ivo Strauss, Giuseppe Granata, Marco Controzzi, Francesco Clemente, Giulio Rognini, Christian Cipriani, Thomas Stieglitz, Francesco Maria Petrini, Paolo Maria Rossini, Silvestro Micera Sensory encoding strategies are used to convey sensory information to upper limb amputees. Valle et al. present strategies based on biomimetic approaches that improve sensation naturalness, tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and prosthesis embodiment. NeuroResources --------------------------------------------------------------- [A Head-Mounted Camera System Integrates Detailed Behavioral Monitoring with Multichannel Electrophysiology in Freely Moving Mice](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30822-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/FgVMzecbUP8IecFDWx6WH5K79gU=78) Arne F. Meyer, Jasper Poort, John O’Keefe, Maneesh Sahani, Jennifer F. Linden Open Access Meyer et al. describe a new head-mounted camera system that enables detailed behavioral monitoring along with neural recording in freely moving mice. The system reveals close coupling between eye and head movements, and head-movement-related activity in primary visual cortex. [An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Imaging](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30768-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/L_e9RfJfvB7lFibXyGSU4SfxLWE=78) Michael P. Milham, Lei Ai, Bonhwang Koo, Ting Xu, Céline Amiez, Fabien Balezeau, Mark G. Baxter, Erwin L.A. Blezer, Thomas Brochier, Aihua Chen, Paula L. Croxson, Christienne G. Damatac, Stanislas Dehaene, Stefan Everling, Damian A. Fair, Lazar Fleysher, Winrich Freiwald, Sean Froudist-Walsh, Timothy D. Griffiths, Carole Guedj, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Suliann Ben Hamed, Noam Harel, Bassem Hiba, Bechir Jarraya, Benjamin Jung, Sabine Kastner, P. Christiaan Klink, Sze Chai Kwok, Kevin N. Laland, David A. Leopold, Patrik Lindenfors, Rogier B. Mars, Ravi S. Menon, Adam Messinger, Martine Meunier, Kelvin Mok, John H. Morrison, Jennifer Nacef, Jamie Nagy, Michael Ortiz Rios, Christopher I. Petkov, Mark Pinsk, Colline Poirier, Emmanuel Procyk, Reza Rajimehr, Simon M. Reader, Pieter R. Roelfsema, David A. Rudko, Matthew F.S. Rushworth, Brian E. Russ, Jerome Sallet, Michael Christoph Schmid, Caspar M. Schwiedrzik, Jakob Seidlitz, Julien Sein, Amir Shmuel, Elinor L. Sullivan, Leslie Ungerleider, Alexander Thiele, Orlin S. Todorov, Doris Tsao, Zheng Wang, Charles R.E. Wilson, Essa Yacoub, Frank Q. Ye, Wilbert Zarco, Yong-di Zhou, Daniel S. Margulies, Charles E. Schroeder Open Access The PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) consortium is an open science resource for the neuroimaging community aiming to facilitate efforts to map the non-human primate connectome. It aggregates and shares anatomical, functional, and diffusion MRI datasets from laboratories throughout the world. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Abrogating Native α-Synuclein Tetramers in Mice Causes a L-DOPA-Responsive Motor Syndrome Closely Resembling Parkinson’s Disease](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30787-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/B87ZUkgi7R6RXFSW4W09KTDxRPA=78) Silke Nuber, Molly Rajsombath, Georgia Minakaki, Jürgen Winkler, Christian P. Müller, Maria Ericsson, Barbara Caldarone, Ulf Dettmer, Dennis J. Selkoe Nuber et al. demonstrate that tetramers are required for the physiological state of α-synuclein in vivo by developing a novel mouse model of Parkinson’s disease based on destabilizing tetramers. This produces neuropathology and a progressive motor syndrome resembling PD. [Human Autoantibodies against the AMPA Receptor Subunit GluA2 Induce Receptor Reorganization and Memory Dysfunction](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30646-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/iiwDOI9KU0NBUcsHqgWRh6p1Kjg=78) Holger Haselmann, Francesco Mannara, Christian Werner, Jesús Planagumà, Federico Miguez-Cabello, Lars Schmidl, Benedikt Grünewald, Mar Petit-Pedrol, Knut Kirmse, Joseph Classen, Fatih Demir, Nikolaj Klöcker, David Soto, Sören Doose, Josep Dalmau, Stefan Hallermann, Christian Geis Haselmann et al. explore molecular mechanisms of autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibodies to the AMPA receptor. Human anti-GluA2 autoantibodies induce internalization of AMPA receptors followed by synaptic scaling-like changes leading to defective synaptic transmission and plasticity resulting in memory dysfunction. [Differential Nanoscale Topography and Functional Role of GluN2-NMDA Receptor Subtypes at Glutamatergic Synapses](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30785-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/3ccCj69OGLgY_CRPWBRzQputUD4=78) Blanka Kellermayer, Joana S. Ferreira, Julien Dupuis, Florian Levet, Dolors Grillo-Bosch, Lucie Bard, Jeanne Linarès-Loyez, Delphine Bouchet, Daniel Choquet, Dmitri A. Rusakov, Pierre Bon, Jean-Baptiste Sibarita, Laurent Cognet, Matthieu Sainlos, Ana Luisa Carvalho, Laurent Groc Kellermayer et al. describe the nanoscale organization of native NMDARs in developing hippocampal neurons. GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDARs are organized in distinct nanodomains, which are differentially regulated by interaction with PDZ scaffolds. This GluN2A/2B nanoscale organization bi-directionally tunes synaptic LTP. [CD47 Protects Synapses from Excess Microglia-Mediated Pruning during Development](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30790-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/gjMzWFN7tWSb6GNyImShR1n23KM=78) Emily K. Lehrman, Daniel K. Wilton, Elizabeth Y. Litvina, Christina A. Welsh, Stephen T. Chang, Arnaud Frouin, Alec J. Walker, Molly D. Heller, Hisashi Umemori, Chinfei Chen, Beth Stevens Lehrman et al. discover that CD47-SIRPα signaling prevents excess microglial phagocytosis during developmental synaptic pruning. They find that CD47 is required for neuronal activity-mediated changes in microglial engulfment and that mice lacking CD47 display increased structural and functional pruning. [Subtype Diversification and Synaptic Specificity of Stem Cell-Derived Spinal Interneurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30789-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/uPt7BEDf3_Ho48NDS_V5jyftZ1Q=78) Phuong T. Hoang, Joshua I. Chalif, Jay B. Bikoff, Thomas M. Jessell, George Z. Mentis, Hynek Wichterle Hoang et al. performed directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into spinal V1 interneurons involved in sensory-motor control. They show that stem cell-derived neurons acquire subtype-specific identity and function, including the ability to form cell type-specific synaptic connections in vitro. [γ-Neurexin and Frizzled Mediate Parallel Synapse Assembly Pathways Antagonized by Receptor Endocytosis](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30780-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/WnKAr04L2pYb_oYlY91DKjpgoes=78) Peri T. Kurshan, Sean A. Merrill, Yongming Dong, Chen Ding, Marc Hammarlund, Jihong Bai, Erik M. Jorgensen, Kang Shen Kurshan et al. show that a short version of the cell-adhesion molecule neurexin that lacks canonical extracellular domains can nonetheless drive presynaptic assembly. It functions in parallel with the Wnt receptor Frizzled. Wnt eliminates synapses via Frizzled endocytosis and neurexin downregulation. [Vascular and Neurogenic Rejuvenation in Aging Mice by Modulation of ASM](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30783-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/TJo9xDe1BL-otytdfqGJmMsTcD4=78) Min Hee Park, Ju Youn Lee, Kang Ho Park, In Kyung Jung, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Yong-Seok Lee, Hyun-Hee Ryu, Yong Jeong, Minseok Kang, Markus Schwaninger, Erich Gulbins, Martin Reichel, Johannes Kornhuber, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Hee Jin Kim, Seung Hyun Kim, Edward H. Schuchman, Hee Kyung Jin, Jae-sung Bae Park et al. demonstrate that ASM activity is increased in brain endothelial cells and/or plasma in aged mice, leading to BBB leakage by caveolae-mediated transcytosis via ERM dephosphorylation. Moreover, specific ASM overexpression in brain endothelium accelerates BBB and neuronal dysfunction. [PDGFRβ Cells Rapidly Relay Inflammatory Signal from the Circulatory System to Neurons via Chemokine CCL2](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30735-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/qsi1iDtXNAM1F9brfIIJJr6DGBg=78) Lihui Duan, Xiao-Di Zhang, Wan-Ying Miao, Yun-Jun Sun, Guoliang Xiong, Qiuzi Wu, Guangying Li, Ping Yang, Hang Yu, Humingzhu Li, Yue Wang, Min Zhang, Li-Yuan Hu, Xiaoping Tong, Wen-Hao Zhou, Xiang Yu Yu and colleagues identified Rgs5 and Col1a1 subgroups of PDGFRβ cells as early responders to neuroinflammation. These cells rapidly synthesize and release the chemokine CCL2, which in term elevates neuronal excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission in multiple neuronal types. [An Input-Specific Orphan Receptor GPR158-HSPG Interaction Organizes Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synapses](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30767-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/06WcgA7uUGZgN5YtuqJuCypGJFk=78) Giuseppe Condomitti, Keimpe D. Wierda, Anna Schroeder, Sara E. Rubio, Kristel M. Vennekens, Cesare Orlandi, Kirill A. Martemyanov, Natalia V. Gounko, Jeffrey N. Savas, Joris de Wit The molecular mechanisms by which pyramidal neurons organize the structural and functional properties of their synaptic inputs are poorly understood. Condomitti et al. identify an input-specific orphan receptor GPR158-HSPG interaction that selectively organizes mossy fiber inputs onto CA3 pyramidal neurons. [Gap Junctions Contribute to Differential Light Adaptation across Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30724-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/ncXvnHFB8-vKSoHLd9aaTVVeUvo=78) Xiaoyang Yao, Jon Cafaro, Amanda J. McLaughlin, Friso R. Postma, David L. Paul, Gautam Awatramani, Greg D. Field Yao et al. demonstrate a novel form of light adaptation in ON-OFF DSGCs mediated by gap junctions and changes in effective GABA inhibition. Broader tuning at the low signal-to-noise ratio encountered at nighttime balances detection and direction estimation of motion. [Sequential Nonlinear Filtering of Local Motion Cues by Global Motion Circuits](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30725-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/RY4p8gqn6k0NZCiAeRB_lIV-QqU=78) Erin L. Barnhart, Irving E. Wang, Huayi Wei, Claude Desplan, Thomas R. Clandinin Barnhart et al. show that sequential nonlinear summation of local motion cues shapes feature selectivity in the Drosophila visual system. In global motion circuits, adjacent local signals are suppressed presynaptically, whereas specific spatiotemporal sequences of local signals are amplified postsynaptically. [Thalamocortical Axonal Activity in Motor Cortex Exhibits Layer-Specific Dynamics during Motor Learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30689-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/Hy300FCzQaDgC2fe0337Da1F9nI=78) Yasuyo H. Tanaka, Yasuhiro R. Tanaka, Masashi Kondo, Shin-Ichiro Terada, Yasuo Kawaguchi, Masanori Matsuzaki Tanaka et al. show that patterns of layer-specific thalamocortical axon activity involving signals from the basal ganglia and cerebellum evolve during learning of a self-initiated motor task. The progression of this activity is impaired by lesions to either region. [Distinct Laminar Processing of Local and Global Context in Primate Primary Visual Cortex](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(18)30723-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001665ec4ab77-1153e5fb-57f0-4bed-8c11-47e173c3c838-000000/X_OXWjbCao9OPJ1M3JYT6y0Z4nk=78) Maryam Bijanzadeh, Lauri Nurminen, Sam Merlin, Andrew M. Clark, Alessandra Angelucci Visual perception is affected by spatial context. Here Bijanzadeh et al. examine the role of V1 layers in the processing of contextual information. They find layer-specific differences in the processing of local and global visuo-spatial context suggestive of distinct underlying neural circuits. 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