Neuron: August 21, 2024 (Volume 112, Issue 16)

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Featured articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [The behavioral relevance of a modular organization in the lateral habenula](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00287-3/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/6nyqRBvQ4STFBs6tqrtvnG4m4KRquoxa2Bs1FAOByGg=367) Michel et al. [Therapeutic potential of human microglia transplantation in a chimeric model of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00370-2/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/BMBQI37QZwvKn_i0nVTRHHzqHLmt2XD-aYmH1YwoEsI=367) Chadarevian et al. [Microglia protect against age-associated brain pathologies](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00365-9/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/yK461fQr41LglUPG69MMZr8Z6Chs7UhBaCUqRCZ_OiM=367) Munro et al. [Propofol anesthesia destabilizes neural dynamics across cortex](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00446-X/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/Rr0XgIPxd_LEQOJFfTw6xS5JUPHSUsTPbvMAo68VAmk=367) Eisen et al. Online now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Mentoring to propagate racial inclusivity in neuroscience](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00577-4/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/4rN_8NY2uQX2eWuIg-X0U4SHo9vu4l0SRenz3jFMhNk=367) Rodriguez-Romaguera et al. [Motor cortex is responsible for motoric dynamics in striatum and the execution of both skilled and unskilled actions](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00544-0/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/89xbFO5Ydv8-5EUuKvR15e-ImZw_xqiKEz3Zyj7-sZo=367) Nicholas et al. [Astrocyte Gi-GPCR signaling corrects compulsive-like grooming and anxiety-related behaviors in Sapap3 knockout mice](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00541-5/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/t0U20udM3xChfV_bHHVXF9KbEIms2QTR057K9Rzudj4=367) Soto et al. [Negative feedback control of hypothalamic feeding circuits by the taste of food](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00539-7/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/_eWeJHBi8_oYGsvpCv2odtB2rr2yiqKJ1AttA9cKjX0=367) Aitken et al. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Microglia’s heroic battle against neurodegeneration](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00538-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/s7q92aE90fw04Ctie2athPiYX_8_t8v_yAPFqvbG20U=367) Yogita M. Kattimani, Ari Waisman In this issue of Neuron, Chadarevian et al. and Munro et al. demonstrate how the absence of homeostatic microglia leads to severe neuropathologies, including axonal spheroids, calcifications, myelination abnormalities, and gliosis, associated with leukoencephalopathy and age-related neurodegeneration. Transplantation of healthy microglia can reverse these conditions, opening new avenues for therapeutic research. [Keeping track of time: An interaction of mossy fibers and climbing fibers](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00532-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/jw-RayS8DAsgBZj7wokk-qv1nERLBkXZuBZHsH6ZgN8=367) Robin Broersen, Chris I. De Zeeuw Precisely tracking time over second-long timescales is important for accurate anticipation and consequential actions, yet the neurobiological underpinnings remain unknown. In this issue of Neuron, Garcia-Garcia and colleagues show that computations in the cerebellum resulting from interactions between the mossy fiber and climbing fiber pathways contribute to long-interval learning during operant conditioning. [The lateral septum returns to the center stage of brain reward](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00534-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/NxVf36DJF3I3u-kJchnqy9Rk3Ico_RWo8p1NW-zJe0E=367) Jonathan J. Chow, Rajtarun Madangopal, Yavin Shaham In this issue of Neuron, Chen et al. found that lateral septum Esr1-expressing cells respond to both non-drug and drug rewards. Mice will lever press for optogenetic stimulation of these neurons, which are also critical to methamphetamine locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference, self-administration, and reinstatement. Review --------------------------------------------------------------- [The behavioral relevance of a modular organization in the lateral habenula](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00287-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/r6JeYGfj9lqgLLt98xL1dgsLhrnghWdRMhS2XEV2ArM=367) Leo Michel, Patricia Molina, Manuel Mameli Open Access This review by Michel, Molina, and Mameli discusses cross-species properties and roles of the lateral habenula (LHb). By integrating molecular, anatomical, and functional studies, the authors propose a framework for LHb function that is relevant for fundamental and translational neuroscience. NeuroResource --------------------------------------------------------------- [Therapeutic potential of human microglia transplantation in a chimeric model of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00370-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/kfiUdioo5Jhu2q040LYor-izSTVKR5OrICXW-xjLyas=367) Jean Paul Chadarevian, Jonathan Hasselmann, Alina Lahian, Joia K. Capocchi, Adrian Escobar, Tau En Lim, Lauren Le, Christina Tu, Jasmine Nguyen, Sepideh Kiani Shabestari, William Carlen-Jones, Sunil Gandhi, Guojun Bu, David A. Hume, Clare Pridans, Zbigniew K. Wszolek, Robert C. Spitale, Hayk Davtyan, Mathew Blurton-Jones Open Access Chadarevian et al. demonstrate that transplantation of iPSC-derived microglia can prevent and reverse diverse neuropathologies in a mouse model of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Collectively, these findings suggest that iPSC-microglia transplantation could offer a promising new therapeutic strategy for ALSP and other primary microgliopathies. Reports --------------------------------------------------------------- [APP fragment controls both ionotropic and non-ionotropic signaling of NMDA receptors](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00404-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/on4YICtub9tozY8V8mqWPXLHkH7CLBfQYjQGMbUM99A=367) Jade Dunot, Sebastien Moreno, Carine Gandin, Paula A. Pousinha, Mascia Amici, Julien Dupuis, Margarita Anisimova, Alex Winschel, Magalie Uriot, Samuel J. Petshow, Maria Mensch, Ingrid Bethus, Camilla Giudici, Heike Hampel, Benedikt Wefers, Wolfgang Wurst, Ronald Naumann, Michael C. Ashby, Bodo Laube, Karen Zito, Jack R. Mellor, Laurent Groc, Michael Willem, Hélène Marie Open Access Dunot et al. identify AETA, a bioactive cleavage product of amyloid-β precursor protein, as a novel endogenous NMDA receptor regulator. AETA competes with receptor co-agonists, thereby modulating ionotropic and non-ionotropic receptor activities. Chronic AETA loss impairs synaptic plasticity and memory. These findings highlight a new mechanism regulating brain information processing. [Opto-seq reveals input-specific immediate-early gene induction in ventral tegmental area cell types](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00373-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/9VWkH8cOeEk5WfB9Zel_uxnmuRefY_NEFLbeGUvUEYQ=367) Rhiana C. Simon, Mary C. Loveless, Joshua X. Yee, Brandon Goh, Su G. Cho, Zainab Nasir, Koichi Hashikawa, Garret D. Stuber, Larry S. Zweifel, Marta E. Soden Simon et al. combined optogenetics with single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), stimulating specific inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and measuring immediate-early gene (IEG) induction to determine neuronal activation patterns. Different subpopulations of neurons were activated by distinct inputs, and different transcriptional programs were activated in different cell types. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Microglia protect against age-associated brain pathologies](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00365-9%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/F3CUM2ZUdmW4SguRhqAJB4_lRgs3w-0cPniK_SNIEDo=367) David A.D. Munro, Nadine Bestard-Cuche, Conor McQuaid, Audrey Chagnot, Sepideh Kiani Shabestari, Jean Paul Chadarevian, Upasana Maheshwari, Stefan Szymkowiak, Kim Morris, Mehreen Mohammad, Andrea Corsinotti, Barry Bradford, Neil Mabbott, Ross J. Lennen, Maurits A. Jansen, Clare Pridans, Barry W. McColl, Annika Keller, Mathew Blurton-Jones, Axel Montagne, Anna Williams, Josef Priller Open Access Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain. Munro et al. explore the consequences of the permanent absence of microglia on the maturation and maintenance of the brain. They show accumulating cellular disruption and damage to the brain as it ages without microglia. [A cerebellar granule cell-climbing fiber computation to learn to track long time intervals](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00366-0%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/hPiTlyUYuhD6pWVlX5Mr_SKqwclCXTLDfkVM7MA-wbA=367) Martha G. Garcia-Garcia, Akash Kapoor, Oluwatobi Akinwale, Lina Takemaru, Tony Hyun Kim, Casey Paton, Ashok Litwin-Kumar, Mark J. Schnitzer, Liqun Luo, Mark J. Wagner Open Access Via the first simultaneous recordings of cerebellar granule cell and climbing fiber activity, Garcia-Garcia et al. demonstrate a new type of cerebellar computation suited to learning to track long time intervals via sustained neural activity ramping. This strategy could enable cerebellar contributions to longer-timescale cognitive processes requiring temporal learning. [Individual thalamic inhibitory interneurons are functionally specialized toward distinct visual features](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00408-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/SSn1S6NhSWYYhDjR5tABbO10INQoA9QpRVzNo9G0OPM=367) Fiona E. Müllner, Botond Roska Open Access Müllner and Roska study inhibitory interneurons in the primary visual thalamus (dLGN). dLGN interneurons had been considered “multiplexors” that receive many independent retinal inputs. Müllner and Roska instead find that dLGN interneurons act as “selectors” with individual specialization toward subsets of retinal inputs that determine their cell-wide visual feature selectivity. [Cellular and circuit architecture of the lateral septum for reward processing](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00411-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/GGmRcVuN5--3MwJv-FYLKQSrIVF_tRckbTN-dPFo9M0=367) Gaowei Chen, Shishi Lai, Shaolei Jiang, Fengling Li, Kaige Sun, Xiaocong Wu, Kuikui Zhou, Yutong Liu, Xiaofei Deng, Zijun Chen, Fang Xu, Yu Xu, Kunhua Wang, Gang Cao, Fuqiang Xu, Guo-Qiang Bi, Yingjie Zhu Chen et al. elucidate the intricate molecular, circuit, and functional architecture of the septal area and identify Esr1-expressing neurons in the LS as a key driver of reward seeking and methamphetamine addiction. These findings open new avenues for exploring how the septal region regulates reward and addiction. [Propofol anesthesia destabilizes neural dynamics across cortex](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00446-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/vvotHflf-0TW_BD3dCp6F-kL7Q2OQCnvKh_vylWWRvs=367) Adam J. Eisen, Leo Kozachkov, André M. Bastos, Jacob A. Donoghue, Meredith K. Mahnke, Scott L. Brincat, Sarthak Chandra, John Tauber, Emery N. Brown, Ila R. Fiete, Earl K. Miller Open Access Eisen and Kozachkov et al. develop a method to measure changes in neural stability. They find evidence that an anesthetic causes unconsciousness by destabilizing neural activity. It makes activity more susceptible to perturbation. This is due to excess inhibition in the brain. [Short-latency preference for faces in primate superior colliculus depends on visual cortex](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00412-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/0100019175c53035-57211a5b-a36c-41b0-94cc-412d5878771c-000000/OTbxNgvk4Oa0WTK7ZUthjaiK0kSExa9Lw2mrbUn4w9U=367) Gongchen Yu, Leor N. Katz, Christian Quaia, Adam Messinger, Richard J. Krauzlis Open Access Yu and Katz et al. show that neurons in primate superior colliculus (SC) exhibit a preference for faces within 40 ms of stimulus onset. Inactivating the lateral geniculate nucleus eliminated all visual responses in the SC, indicating that the short-latency face preference depends on visual cortex. 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