Neuron: August 7, 2024 (Volume 112, Issue 15)

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Featured articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Friend or foe: The role of stress granule in neurodegenerative disease](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00286-1/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/W2ZkVvH9_C7y4toqC1UeN7TNOqzOWllz9ybD5ikRjUE=365) Cui et al. [Cortico-basal ganglia plasticity in motor learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00449-5/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/_37pxDjxIfp_2wLDTUfW10bNTp4qypSOsLgXJssptvQ=365) Roth et al. [Imaging a-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson's and related diseases](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00332-5/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/2rQnrZ4kBTsgSdC8XaLwsj1Cr7-_qXwYzl8MEVDKQ1Y=365) Endo et al. [Cell-type-specific effects of age and sex on human cortical neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00360-X/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/Fohz6IESWVSg7Xm2lNgM2urLFihxNJVgvTpv7sSP8oE=365) Chien et al. Online now --------------------------------------------------------------- [Transformation of neural coding for vibrotactile stimuli along the ascending somatosensory pathway](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00496-3/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/uIxaQ35YPPaLHTNgh-bmaelALnmGMw01vmN8wG8erXE=365) Lee et al. [SYNGAP1 deficiency disrupts synaptic neoteny in xenotransplanted human cortical neurons in vivo](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00529-4/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/wfMz-GytxB1Ufof40lx5Tksep-3zAuyeSc9RkkOB8E0=365) Vermaercke et al. [A shared model-based linguistic space for transmitting our thoughts from brain to brain in natural conversations](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00460-4/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/Z2fD6jaMUMni9ZO5WUeUuQ76E44ff9dBk9afJoxkP-w=365) Zada et al. [Structural basis of psychedelic LSD recognition at dopamine D1 receptor](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00494-X/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/eVCwORIiqGyPc-5QGTUy7Getao-q7uGLFIXepL3EyOI=365) Fan et al. Table of Contents Previews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Alpha synuclein PET imaging, a step closer to in vivo neuropathology in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00492-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/lPDjPMBiOzHLZtQqDMYB95K1PeCQE0d6xgVIv6mkxGw=365) Michele Matarazzo, José A. Obeso In this issue of Neuron, Endo et al. develop a PET tracer capable of detecting alpha-synuclein (ɑ-syn). With validation in animal models and humans, this tracer brings us closer to being able to monitor the synuclein aggregation process and associated pathological changes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. [Pathological RNA-protein inclusions and dysregulated A-to-I RNA editing in synucleinopathies](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00528-2%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/JFs9BDR-QSGVquGS7i6Ovus2XbzuuBXUdSFMwd9z44o=365) Rong Wu, Shuying Sun Aggregation of RNA binding proteins and dysregulation of RNA metabolism drives pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Neuron, Belur et al. identified pathological NONO and SFPQ inclusions and aberrant A-to-I-edited RNAs accumulated in nucleus, leading to dysregulation of gene expression and neurodegeneration in synucleinopathy-associated diseases. [Stimulating social interest: The translational value of basic investigations into frontal cortex function](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00495-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/p8sRky9WO45Z9V40-rpc8e2oW6zyeqlmxssR5jD9KeA=365) Joseph Simon IV, Erin L. Rich Fan et al. use electrical stimulation during a novel social interaction paradigm to demonstrate a role for the orbitofrontal cortex in directing social attention. Their results shed new light on the basic functions of the orbitofrontal cortex and have translational value in understanding circuit modulation for psychiatric disorders. Reviews --------------------------------------------------------------- [Friend or foe: The role of stress granule in neurodegenerative disease](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00286-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/1s3xrMgmZpC6WHOhxnNHc8umGR7hYmsIQ-SAi0UqEQk=365) Qinqin Cui, Zongyu Liu, Ge Bai Although stress granules (SGs) form as a protective response to stress, their dysregulation contributes to various neurodegenerative diseases. Cui et al. review their dual roles in diseases as both “friends” and “foes,” shedding light on potential therapeutic strategies targeting SGs. [Cortico-basal ganglia plasticity in motor learning](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00449-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/Br2-biCPAUauMX30ZUmrWbn2I1cVpuhWaQ3VW57uL6Y=365) Richard H. Roth, Jun B. Ding Open Access Learning new motor skills involves significant changes in the connectivity and activity of brain motor circuits. In this review, Roth and Ding discuss recent findings on motor-learning-induced neural plasticity within the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry, highlighting the role of circuit adaptations and underlying synaptic plasticity mechanisms. NeuroResource --------------------------------------------------------------- [Integrative multi-omic analysis reveals conserved cell-projection deficits in human Down syndrome brains](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00329-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/rkAEHjFKeigCv60Rqjkrm3S21ZOab-MpouoNXwr7tdI=365) Mohit Rastogi, Martina Bartolucci, Marina Nanni, Michelangelo Aloisio, Diego Vozzi, Andrea Petretto, Andrea Contestabile, Laura Cancedda Rastogi et al. performed multi-omic profiling of human Down syndrome (DS) hippocampus and cortex, identifying several dysregulated biological processes. Their results highlight specific axonogenesis and cell-projection signatures, which were associated with neuronal polarization deficits in DS. This study provides a valuable resource for investigating new potential targets for DS brain physiopathology. Articles --------------------------------------------------------------- [Cell-type-specific effects of age and sex on human cortical neurons](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00360-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/KXprZTs3-wN6Mt8y9HD1eAOsdhDCOMiwEgdKZu3SdoA=365) Jo-Fan Chien, Hanqing Liu, Bang-An Wang, Chongyuan Luo, Anna Bartlett, Rosa Castanon, Nicholas D. Johnson, Joseph R. Nery, Julia Osteen, Junhao Li, Jordan Altshul, Mia Kenworthy, Cynthia Valadon, Michelle Liem, Naomi Claffey, Carolyn O'Connor, Luise A. Seeker, Joseph R. Ecker, M. Margarita Behrens, Eran A. Mukamel Open Access Chien et al. report cell-type-specific effects of aging on the transcriptome and DNA methylome in adult human neurons using single-cell multi-omics. The study finds greater alterations in excitatory neurons compared to inhibitory cells as a result of aging. Genes in subtelomeric regions increase expression with age, while synaptic genes are downregulated. [Imaging α-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson’s and related diseases](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00332-5%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/xwek_EGhx6YKzcXkcsBQzEC5uWSlwbJOIAt3JfI0R6c=365) Hironobu Endo, Maiko Ono, Yuhei Takado, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Manami Takahashi, Kenji Tagai, Yuko Kataoka, Kosei Hirata, Keisuke Takahata, Chie Seki, Naomi Kokubo, Masayuki Fujinaga, Wakana Mori, Yuji Nagai, Koki Mimura, Katsushi Kumata, Tatsuya Kikuchi, Aki Shimozawa, Sushil K. Mishra, Yoshiki Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Shimizu, Akiyoshi Kakita, Hiroyuki Takuwa, Hitoshi Shinotoh, Hitoshi Shimada, Yasuyuki Kimura, Masanori Ichise, Tetsuya Suhara, Takafumi Minamimoto, Naruhiko Sahara, Kazunori Kawamura, Ming-Rong Zhang, Masato Hasegawa, Makoto Higuchi Open Access Endo et al. developed a positron emission tomography agent, 18F-C05-05, for α-synuclein pathologies in animal models and provided the first demonstration of α-synuclein imaging in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. This technology offers neuropathology-based translational assessments for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. [Nuclear aggregates of NONO/SFPQ and A-to-I-edited RNA in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00328-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/C5dDob1GWathbI9qztecNhoUBEwykYvZSpRdmmuOewY=365) Nandkishore R. Belur, Bernabe I. Bustos, Steven J. Lubbe, Joseph R. Mazzulli Belur et al. identify a novel class of pathological inclusions comprising RNA binding proteins, NONO and SFPQ, and A-to-I-edited RNAs in neuronal nuclei of Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. A-to-I-edited RNAs promote protein aggregation, inducing neurotoxicity by nuclear sequestration of essential transcripts encoding axon, synaptic, and mitochondrial proteins. [A neural circuit architecture for rapid learning in goal-directed navigation](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00326-X%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/LF12zlJoV1t6cgMRn55JmR37J-JPeMQKl6T8pgIRqzU=365) Chuntao Dan, Brad K. Hulse, Ramya Kappagantula, Vivek Jayaraman, Ann M. Hermundstad Open Access In novel environments, animals must simultaneously map their surroundings and form goals within them. Dan et al. combine anatomy, physiology, perturbation, and behavior to show how genetically specified circuit architectures with localized plasticity couple multiple evolving internal representations to make this learning fast yet flexible. [Dynamic assemblies of parvalbumin interneurons in brain oscillations](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00362-3%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/7hZ0J4XmOsE02os4dPgxiamDYLQFz2gpaFlzgCQnAfM=365) Yi-Chieh Huang, Hui-Ching Chen, Yu-Ting Lin, Szu-Ting Lin, Qinsi Zheng, Ahmed S. Abdelfattah, Luke D. Lavis, Eric R. Schreiter, Bei-Jung Lin, Tsai-Wen Chen Inhibitory interneurons are thought to exhibit stereotyped patterns of activity. By imaging large populations of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons simultaneously at kilohertz speed, Huang et al. reveal dynamic and flexible “cell assemblies” formed by PV cells. These assemblies may support a much richer pattern of postsynaptic inhibition than previously thought. [Cell-class-specific electric field entrainment of neural activity](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00356-8%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/V6AxpUpxw3RAtsJvBSfKE3TggkZOXl1VjSSflOgGzZM=365) Soo Yeun Lee, Konstantinos Kozalakis, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Luke Campagnola, Tim Jarsky, Christof Koch, Costas A. Anastassiou Open Access Lee et al. study the impact of oscillatory electric fields on neuronal activity across different cell types, brain regions, and species. Electric fields strongly entrain both cellular subthreshold responses and spike timing and phase, with entrainment properties being stimulation frequency and cell class specific across areas. [Closed-loop microstimulations of the orbitofrontal cortex during real-life gaze interaction enhance dynamic social attention](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00330-1%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/JFxVs_eMH88BO1HaJ6ghC3wVmKn3OFgdL7-bF61LdqQ=365) Siqi Fan, Olga Dal Monte, Amrita R. Nair, Nicholas A. Fagan, Steve W.C. Chang Fan and Dal Monte et al. apply closed-loop microstimulations in prefrontal areas when monkeys interact with gaze. Stimulations of the orbitofrontal cortex enhance momentary spatial and temporal social attention, whereas stimulations of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex modulate inter-individual gaze dynamics. These regions causally control social attention, with potential for therapeutic brain interface. [Predictive sequence learning in the hippocampal formation](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00371-4%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/fM4HtBmsxYca1RDzUdDMaeLHpxQULpwRFucyD0Iz-Nw=365) Yusi Chen, Huanqiu Zhang, Mia Cameron, Terrence Sejnowski Chen et al. simulated hippocampal circuits that learned to predict sequences of sensory inputs and validated the model with analysis of neural recordings. CA1 neurons in the model compute prediction error, using local self-supervised learning, consistent with the differential fading of CA1 and CA3 place cells. Correction --------------------------------------------------------------- [Cell-class-specific electric field entrainment of neural activity](%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Ffulltext%2FS0896-6273(24)00533-6%3Fdgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/010001912e3a70be-937f95ff-e3ed-4c29-8090-d930b46d8962-000000/87OEkwW64d3eg8RiOhZQA1O88ddhVDf53-PformSGEg=365) Soo Yeun Lee, Konstantinos Kozalakis, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Luke Campagnola, Tim Jarsky, Christof Koch, Costas A. 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