This is The World Today [View in browser](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsveGNzMGw3MGs1cC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Troubled Justice [Share Today's Edition](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvNDFnZG14dmpwdi8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) [DailyChatter] [Listen to Today's Edition](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvNmVheGR6Nmk5OS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa)
[DailyChatter] [Share Today's Edition](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvM3c3NTg0aXpqZi8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) [Listen to Today's Edition](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvZ245Y3lidWI4cC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) DailyChatter is an exclusive benefit for subscribers of The Charlotte Observer The Largest Daily Newsletter Devoted to World News Troubled Justice THE WORLD TODAY â Wednesday, January 17, 2024 Troubled Justice Troubled Justice Need to Know Troubled Justice [Northern Ireland](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvMnN3c2dtZXBuMS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Violence between British-backed Protestants and Irish Catholics in Northern Ireland has been relatively subdued in recent memory compared to the street fighting decades ago, when, as one BBC story [illustrated](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvY2V2cW5xa2dtdy8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa), British troops huddled for safety behind their armored vehicles. Peace in Northern Ireland has not stopped dueling lawsuits over the legacy of the so-called Troubles, a period of conflict that lasted from the late 1960s to the [Good Friday Agreement](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvaWEweXpzcGR0ay8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) of 1998, however. At issue is the recently passed Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act, a British measure that would move cases related to the Troubles from criminal and civil courts to an Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery. âThe trouble with legacy is that the more those waters are stirred the murkier they become,â [wrote](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvdXlvbnNzb3JvaC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) the editorial board of the Belfast Telegraph. âAnd every time they begin to settle and clear, something else comes along to cloud the picture. And any sense of truth or justice for families bereaved throughout Northern Irelandâs difficult past seems further away than ever.â As the Irish Times [explained](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvcDdudjlla3N0MC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa), the commission would be empowered to grant conditional amnesties for those who otherwise might be found guilty of murder or similar misdeeds in other legal settings. Its main task would be to collect information about the turbulent, controversial period when Irish Catholics took to the streets to demand unification with Ireland, the independent republic to the south. Irish leaders criticized the bill, saying it would forestall justice for Northern Irish families and victims who perished during the Troubles. Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar announced that Ireland would file a lawsuit against the bill under the European Convention on Human Rights, [reported](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvNGc3dHloMDk3ZS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) UPI. British officials responded by claiming that their Irish counterparts had failed to investigate cases related to the conflict. More than 3,500 people died in violence during the Troubles, [added](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvb3pqbjR0anA5by8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Al Jazeera, citing British government figures. Investigators are still probing the circumstances of 1,200 deaths, while officials are still poring through claims for compensation for victims, [noted](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvMWxoM3A3Y2ptaC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) the Irish News. [According](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvNTY3dzFoa21wYy8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) to the Guardian, the British government is wrong on the issue. The law could result in the commission granting immunity to witnesses in exchange for information that would shed light on the violence that both sides perpetrated in the period. This immunity, however, would snub victimsâ families who want justice. [Share this story](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvb2JvbWp0ZTRoMy8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Troubled Justice Troubled Justice ~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RVaHR0cHM6Ly9wYS5wdmQudG8vYy9hdGtwa2Y_ZW1haWw9NDUyMTExOSZkZXZpY2U9ZGVza3RvcCZ2PTAuMTQmY2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9aWlhMzZvNmUzZVcDc3BjQgplou-yp2UDa_qhUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW44OUBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAFo~ The World Briefly The Right of Defense The Right of Defense [Iraq](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvdHdwN2xveTZ3bC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) / [Kurdistan](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsveDg3Z3ltdWp3Yy8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Iranâs security forces launched a series of missile strikes at the alleged headquarters for Israeli spies in Iraqâs semi-autonomous Kurdistan region, an attack that raised fears of a widening conflict across the Middle East amid Israelâs ongoing war against Hamas in the Gaza Strip, the Guardian [reported](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvbXpvb3ZoZzZpei8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa). The Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) confirmed Tuesday they attacked what they called the âespionage headquartersâ of Israelâs Mossad spy agency, near the regional capital of Erbil. At least four civilians died and six were injured in the strikes that took place in a neighborhood close to the United Statesâ consulate and other civilian residences. IRGC officials said the strikes were part of a counter-terrorism measure in response to an Islamic State (IS) attack that killed more than 80 people in the Iranian city of Kerman earlier this month. They added the strikes were in line with Tehranâs defense of its sovereignty. IS claimed responsibility for the twin explosions in Kerman that took place during the fourth anniversary of the US assassination of the IRGC commander, Qassem Soleimani. But Tehran accused Israel of being involved in the Kerman attack. The Israeli government has not commented on this weekâs strikes. Even so, Iraqi and Kurdish authorities criticized the attacks as a violation of Iraqâs sovereignty and vowed to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council. The airstrikes took place amid growing fears about the intensification of a conflict that has spread across the Middle East since the commencement of the war between Israel and Hamas on Oct. 7, Reuters [added](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvbmx0ZnljM3ppdS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa). Iran’s proxy allies in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen have also joined the conflict, further complicating the situation. Previously, Iran conducted attacks in Iraqâs Kurdistan region, asserting that the area serves as a base for Iranian separatist groups and Israeli agents. In response to Iranian concerns, Baghdad has taken steps to address the issue of separatist groups in the region, including relocating some as part of a security agreement reached with Tehran in 2023. [Share this story](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvOHVjdm5nNzNibC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Divorce, North Korean Style Divorce, North Korean Style [North Korea](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvbTh3MXVxdDFlbS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) North Koreaâs ruler Kim Jong Un scrapped a decades-long process of facilitating reunification with South Korea, demanding instead for it to be designed as his countryâs main antagonist in the constitution, and warning of war, Reuters [reported](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsveDFma21oYnh4dS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa). Addressing his rubber-stamp legislature, the dictator called for South Koreaâs description of âprimary foe and invariable principal enemyâ and it will also distinguish the two countriesâ territories. Key government agencies that have worked toward reunification for more than 60 years are to be dismantled, state media reported. In a context of growing tensions between the two Koreas, with a series of missile tests carried out by Pyongyang recently, Kim said unification of the two states was no longer a plausible option. He accused his neighbors of attempting to overturn the communist regime that he leads. Should tensions escalate into a full-on military conflict, essentially resuming the unconcluded war that tore Korea apart between 1950 and 1953, Kim said he had âno intention of avoiding it.â He added that in the case of war, North Korea should aim at occupying South Korea. South Koreaâs President Yoon Suk Yeol [reacted](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvbWVqaGJjZmQwai8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) to Kimâs comments in a cabinet meeting, calling him âanti-national and anti-historical,â and added that Seoulâs response to Pyongyangâs armed provocations would be âmultiple times hard.â Kim Jong Un has rejected the legacy of his father, Kim Jong Il, and his grandfather, Kim Il Sung, who had made reunification one of their predominant goals. He has [pledged](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvbHlwaHNobTFsby8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) to destroy a monument, the Arch of Reunification, erected by Kim Jong Il, dubbing it an âeyesore.â Kim framed his policy reversal within a set of priorities to promote internal unity. Nonetheless, his belligerent language has betrayed a feeling of insecurity, âlosing the upper handâ in the face of enhanced cooperation between South Korea, the US, and Japan, researcher Won Gon Park told Reuters. [Share this story](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvdDlmdm84aDZ2MC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Troubled Justice Troubled Justice ~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RVaHR0cHM6Ly9wYS5wdmQudG8vYy91dW1yM2E_ZW1haWw9NDUyMTExOSZkZXZpY2U9ZGVza3RvcCZ2PTAuMTQmY2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9aWlhMzZvNmUzZVcDc3BjQgplou-yp2UDa_qhUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW44OUBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAFo~ Without a Trace Without a Trace [Suriname](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvODV6bDcybHc4eC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Surinameâs former autocrat Desi Bouterse disappeared this week, a month after a court sentenced him to 20 years in prison for the murders of more than a dozen political opponents during his rule of the South American country in the 1980s, the Associated Press [reported](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvOGpkZTF6Z3A5dC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa). Bouterse and four others convicted in the case were ordered to report to various prisons last week, but only three have done so. After failing to report by Friday, authorities announced they were investigating those who failed to appear. His wife, Ingrid Bouterse-Waldring, said she did not know where her husband was and added, âHe is not going to jail!â Bouterseâs National Democratic Party and supporters rallied at his house to show support, saying they disagreed with the sentencing. Last month, a court found him guilty of the 1982 killings of 15 political opponents, marking the conclusion of a historic 16-year trial. He had previously been sentenced in 2019 and 2021, but appealed both rulings. Last week, his lawyers appealed his sentence, arguing that an amnesty law Bouterse attempted to pass over a decade ago would apply. However, Surinameâs attorney general dismissed the appeal. Bouterse came to power in a bloodless coup in 1980 and ruled until 1987. He and his allies have been accused of executing prominent individuals, including lawyers and journalists, in those years. He was later democratically elected as president from 2010 to 2020. He denied that he was present during the 1982 killings, but has accepted âpolitical responsibilityâ for the murders. [Share this story](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvazg3NXp5cW14NC8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Weekly Quiz Ukraine, Briefly Troubled Justice ~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RVaHR0cHM6Ly9wYS5wdmQudG8vYy9oZG5jbmg_ZW1haWw9NDUyMTExOSZkZXZpY2U9ZGVza3RvcCZ2PTAuMTQmY2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9aWlhMzZvNmUzZVcDc3BjQgplou-yp2UDa_qhUht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW44OUBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAFo~ True Colors Discoveries True Colors A new [study](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvb3A4dzN0bWtuYi8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) on Neptune and Uranus challenges popular depictions of the Solar Systemâs far-off worlds, revealing their true colors, the New York Times [reported](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0REaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvYTlyNWc2OTdoei8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2VXA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa). When NASAâs Voyager 2 visited both planets in the 1980s, images from the spacecraft showed Neptune having a deep blue color compared with Uranusâ green-bluish tint. But that dark blue hue is actually attributed to an image enhancement at the time. For their new analysis, scientists employed advanced instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope in Chile to âset the record straightâ about this color mystery. The results showed that Neptune is just a tinge bluer than Uranus. The study also shed light on Uranusâs mysterious color shifts during extreme seasons, where it exhibits a green tint during solstices and a bluer glow at equinoxes. Researchers attribute these color changes to atmospheric methane, which absorbs red and green light, causing the planetâs equator to reflect more blue light. Astronomer Heidi Hamel, who was not involved in the study but worked on the Voyagerâs imaging team in 1989, hoped that the findings would correct public misconceptions about Neptune’s color. She emphasized the importance of accurate scientific communication amid the common practice of enhancing astronomical visualizations for aesthetic appeal, but without intending to deceive. âStrike the word âazureâ from your vocabulary when discussing Neptune!â she said. [Share this story](~/AASU4wA~/RgRnijfuP0RoaHR0cHM6Ly9hLnBvc3QubGhkLmxpbmsvYjlxNzQwdzVxNS8_bGhfYWlkPTQ1MjExMTkmbGhfY2lkPWlpYTM2bzZlM2UmbGhfZW09dHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODklNDBnbWFpbC5jb21XA3NwY0IKZaLvsqdlA2v6oVIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luODlAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAABa) Thank you for reading or listening to DailyChatter. Your comments are always welcomed and appreciated. 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