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uOhgsscx-Po2cd2cd2Jwxhwonog9xuodxwrEut50StQ1WeAx9k4MXh4vAcbzwk4TeSx_czezJnPxt50SUHgHxPOpOd uOhgsscx-Po2cd2cd2Jwxhwonog9xuodxwrEut50StQ1WeAx9k4MXh4vAcbzwk4TeSx_czezJnPxt50SUHgHxPOpOd 94onCH2TD6 AHPErkbNfl FNPSeRvrXJpo4U4yxGcm HPNzApNfbF 8181866442 QkV4BRvilk bCObsbHUgu LZqW0lFlWmblNOyFoxg2 wRzptGJaAA 2301009958 JmHKYW64Jh HRxBXGbYHR pl4NIASbsIIz7FutssB1 CiHapizwzG 9384692332 i1L0Cnb56u VYZLGYHGeH TV8gJjlQdpenploh3ryV KJzRhGYMNw 6135321976 Citizen scientists have provided unique perspectives of the recent close flyby of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. By processing raw images from JunoCam, the spacecraft’s public-engagement camera, members of the general public have created deep-space portraits of the Jovian moon that are not only awe-inspiring, but also worthy of further scientific scrutiny. Europa Up Close JunoCam took its closest image (above) at an altitude of 945 miles (1,521 kilometers) over a region of the moon called Annwn Regio. In the image, terrain beside the day-night boundary is revealed to be rugged, with pits and troughs. Numerous bright and dark ridges and bands stretch across a fractured surface, revealing the tectonic stresses that the moon has endured over millennia. The circular dark feature in the lower right is Callanish Crater. Such JunoCam images help fill in gaps in the maps from images obtained by NASA’s Voyager and Galileo missions. Citizen scientist Björn Jónsson processed the image to enhance the color and contrast. The resolution is about 0.6 miles (1 kilometer) per pixel. JunoCam images processed by citizen scientists often straddle the worlds of science and art. In the image at right, processed by Navaneeth Krishnan, the enhanced color contrast causes larger surface features to stand out more than in the lightly processed version of the image (left). An example of the results can be seen in the lower right of the enhanced image, where the pits and a small block cast notable shadows. Small-scale texturing of the surface in the image needs to be carefully studied to distinguish between features and artifacts from processing, but the image draws us deeper into Europa’s alien landscape. “Juno’s citizen scientists are part of a global united effort, which leads to both fresh perspectives and new insights,” said Candy Hansen, lead co-investigator for the JunoCam camera at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona. “Many times, citizen scientists will skip over the potential scientific applications of an image entirely, and focus on how Juno inspires their imagination or artistic sense, and we welcome their creativity.” Citizen scientist Fernando Garcia Navarro applied his artistic talents to create this image. He downloaded and processed an image that fellow citizen scientist Kevin M. Gill had previously worked on, producing a psychedelic rendering he has titled “Fall Colors of Europa.” NASA’s groovy celebration of Juno’s five-year anniversary of its orbital insertion at Jupiter. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech The processed image calls to mind NASA’s poster celebrating Juno’s 2021 five-year anniversary of its orbital insertion at Jupiter. Citizen scientist Fernando Garcia Navarro applied his artistic talents to create this image. He downloaded and processed an image that fellow citizen scientist Kevin M. Gill had previously worked on, producing a psychedelic rendering he has titled “Fall Colors of Europa.” The processed image calls to mind NASA’s poster celebrating Juno’s 2021 five-year anniversary of its orbital insertion at Jupiter. More Groovy Details About the Flyby With a relative velocity of about 14.7 miles per second (23.6 kilometers per second), the Juno spacecraft only had a few minutes to collect data and images during its close flyby of Europa. As planned, the gravitational pull of the moon modified Juno’s trajectory, reducing the time it takes to orbit Jupiter from 43 to 38 days. The close approach also marks the second encounter with a Galilean moon during Juno’s extended mission. The mission explored Ganymede in June 2021 and is scheduled to make close flybys of Io, the most volcanic body in the solar system, in 2023 and 2024. Juno’s observations of Europa’s geology will not only contribute to our understanding of Europa, but also complement future missions to the Jovian moon. NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, set to launch in 2024, will study the moon’s atmosphere, surface, and interior, with a primary science goal to determine whether there are places below Europa’s surface that could support life. More About the Mission NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott J. Bolton, of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. Juno is part of NASA’s New Frontiers Program, which is managed at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Lockheed Martin Space in Denver built and operates the spacecraft. JunoCam’s raw images are available for the public to peruse and process into image products at: More information about NASA citizen science can be found at: More information about Juno is available at: and DC Agle Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 818-393-9011 agle@jpl.nasa.gov Karen Fox / Alana Johnson NASA Headquarters, Washington 301-286-6284 / 202-358-1501 karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov Deb Schmid Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio 210-522-2254 dschmid@swri.org 2022-146 Last Updated: Oct 8, 2022 Editor: Naomi Hartono NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center's Contributions to the Space Shuttle Program Cover for NASA Armstrong Flight Research Centers Contributions to the Space Shuttle Program ebook NASA Armstrong Flight Research Centers Contributions to the Space Shuttle Program Edited by Christian Gelzer NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center’s Contributions to the Space Shuttle Program, edited by NASA historian Christian Gelzer, details the work performed by the center in support, both directly and indirectly, of the Space Transportation System, commonly known as the space shuttle. Illustrated with both official and unofficial imagery, experts from across several fields, including NASA engineers, an Air Force flight surgeon, and historians, provide insights into Armstrong Flight Research Center’s work in shaping the shuttle’s development, operations, and further improvement. Topics include flight research on the X-15 and lifting bodies, thermostructural testing, the Approach and Landing Test program, thermal protection system tiles under flight loads, tire tests, external tank insulation experiments, shuttle landing convoy procedures, and more. » Fixed layout: PDF [8.6 MB] Last Updated: May 27, 2022 Editor: Michele Ostovar The space station is Earth's only microgravity laboratory. This football field-sized platform hosts a plethora of science and technology experiments that are continuously being conducted by crew members, or are automated. Research aboard the orbiting laboratory holds benefits for life back on Earth, as well as for future space exploration. The space station serves as a testbed for technologies and allows us to study the impacts of long-term spaceflight to humans, supporting NASA's mission to push human presence farther into space. Learn more about the research happening on the space station, and opportunities to conduct your science there.