Midweek pick-me-up: Seneca on gratitude and what it really means to be a generous human being

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[FROM THE ARCHIVE | Seneca on Gratitude and What It Really Means to Be a Generous Human Being]( “Anything you do not give freely and abundantly becomes lost to you. You open your safe and find ashes,” Annie Dillard wrote in her beautiful case for [why a generosity of spirit is the greatest animating force of creativity](. Two millennia earlier, great Roman philosopher Seneca examined this notion and its broader implications for human life in his correspondence with his friend Lucilius Junior, later published as [Letters from a Stoic]( ([public library]( — the timeless trove of wisdom that gave us Seneca on [true and false friendship]( [overcoming fear]( and [the antidote to anxiety](. Seneca In his eighty-first letter to Lucilius, Seneca writes under the heading “On Benefits”: You complain that you have met with an ungrateful person. If this is your first experience of that sort, you should offer thanks either to your good luck or to your caution. In this case, however, caution can effect nothing but to make you ungenerous. For if you wish to avoid such a danger, you will not confer benefits; and so, that benefits may not be lost with another man, they will be lost to yourself. It is better, however, to get no return than to confer no benefits. Even after a poor crop one should sow again; for often losses due to continued barrenness of an unproductive soil have been made good by one year’s fertility. In order to discover one grateful person, it is worth while to make trial of many ungrateful ones. True generosity, Seneca argues, is measured not by the ends of the act but by the spirit from which it springs. He writes: Benefits, as well as injuries, depend on the spirit… Our feeling about every obligation depends in each case upon the spirit in which the benefit is conferred; we weigh not the bulk of the gift, but the quality of the good-will which prompted it. So now let us do away with guess-work; the former deed was a benefit, and the latter, which transcended the earlier benefit, is an injury. The good man so arranges the two sides of his ledger that he voluntarily cheats himself by adding to the benefit and subtracting from the injury. Illustration by Jacqueline Ayer from [The Paper-Flower Tree]( In a delightful reminder that even the most serious of thinkers can regard themselves with a sense of humor, Seneca adds a remark he cheekily qualifies as “one of the generally surprising statements such as we Stoics are wont to make and such as the Greeks call ‘paradoxes'”: The wise man… enjoys the giving more than the recipient enjoys the receiving… None but the wise man knows how to return a favour. Even a fool can return it in proportion to his knowledge and his power; his fault would be a lack of knowledge rather than a lack of will or desire. In a sentiment which Henry Miller would come to echo two thousand years later in his reflection on [the intricate balance of giving and receiving]( Seneca considers the meaning of generosity and the proper object of gratitude: Anyone who receives a benefit more gladly than he repays it is mistaken. By as much as he who pays is more light-hearted than he who borrows, by so much ought he to be more joyful who unburdens himself of the greatest debt — a benefit received — than he who incurs the greatest obligations. For ungrateful men make mistakes in this respect also: they have to pay their creditors both capital and interest, but they think that benefits are currency which they can use without interest. So the debts grow through postponement, and the later the action is postponed the more remains to be paid. A man is an ingrate if he repays a favour without interest. At the heart of his message is the insistence that true generosity is not transactional and that gratitude, in turn, ought to be calibrated to the intrinsic rewards of the generous act rather than to the veneer of a transactional favor: We should try by all means to be as grateful as possible. For gratitude is a good thing for ourselves, in a sense in which justice, that is commonly supposed to concern other persons, is not; gratitude returns in large measure unto itself. There is not a man who, when he has benefited his neighbour, has not benefited himself, — I do not mean for the reason that he whom you have aided will desire to aid you, or that he whom you have defended will desire to protect you, or that an example of good conduct returns in a circle to benefit the doer, just as examples of bad conduct recoil upon their authors, and as men find no pity if they suffer wrongs which they themselves have demonstrated the possibility of committing; but that the reward for all the virtues lies in the virtues themselves. For they are not practised with a view to recompense; the wages of a good deed is to have done it. I am grateful, not in order that my neighbour, provoked by the earlier act of kindness, may be more ready to benefit me, but simply in order that I may perform a most pleasant and beautiful act; I feel grateful, not because it profits me, but because it pleases me. [Letters from a Stoic]( remains one of the most potent and enduring capsules of wisdom our species has produced. Complement it with Susan Sontag on [what it means to be a decent human being]( Rebecca Solnit on [generosity of spirit in difficult times]( and Simone Weil — one of our civilization’s most underappreciated sages — on [attention as the highest form of generosity]( then revisit Seneca on [the key to tranquility of mind]( and [how to fill the shortness of life with wide living](. [Forward to a friend]( Online]( [Like on Facebook]( donating=loving Every month, I spend hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars keeping The Marginalian ([formerly Brain Pickings]( going. For fifteen years, it has remained free and ad-free and alive thanks to patronage from readers. I have no staff, no interns, not even an assistant — a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. 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KINDRED READINGS: [The Art of Receiving: John Steinbeck on the True Meaning of Gratitude]( * * * [A Stoic’s Key to Peace of Mind: Seneca on the Antidote to Anxiety]( * * * [Henry Miller on the Beautiful Balance of Giving and Receiving]( * * * [Seneca on Grief and the Key to Resilience in the Face of Loss: An Extraordinary Letter to His Mother]( * * * [Oliver Sacks on Gratitude, the Measure of Living, and the Dignity of Dying]( * * * A SMALL, DELIGHTFUL SIDE PROJECT: [Uncommon Presents from the Past: Gifts for the Science-Lover and Nature-Ecstatic in Your Life, Benefitting the Nature Conservancy]( [---]( You're receiving this email because you subscribed on TheMarginalian.org (formerly BrainPickings.org). This weekly newsletter comes out each Wednesday and offers a hand-picked piece worth revisiting from my 15-year archive. 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