This moment one year ago

Here's what has changed since Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine. [View in browser]( [Bloomberg]( For months, Russian President Vladimir Putin denied he was planning to invade Ukraine. Even as his forces [massed on the border]( in ever-greater numbers, the Kremlin portrayed it as [standard exercises](. Just a week before he unleashed his war, Russia was still saying no conflict was coming. And when he launched his forces in the early hours of Feb. 24, 2022, Putin couldn’t bring himself to use the word “war,” describing it as a mere “special military operation” to support the desires of separatists in Ukraine’s east to be part of Russia. That’s even as his troops and tanks came into Ukraine from the north and marched toward the capital, Kyiv. And as rockets fell on multiple cities across the country. Despite all the buildup, for many in Ukraine the war [came as a shock](. Millions jumped in their cars or rushed to railway stations. A year later, many thousands of Ukrainians remain refugees. Thousands of civilians have been killed and [driven from their homes]( by rocket strikes, and the economy is [largely kept afloat]( by outside aid. But Putin has also failed to achieve his goals. Ukraine [has not fallen](. President Volodymyr Zelenskiy did not flee; instead, he took his background in show business and became the front-facing cheerleader of his people for the world. Russia has lost a good slice of the territory it took in the early weeks of fighting. The war is largely bogged down in the east, with both sides [running low on weapons]( and other supplies. Ukraine’s allies have sent in extraordinary levels of military support. That includes ever-increasingly offensive weapons, with advanced battle tanks the latest to be promised. Ukrainian soldiers atop an abandoned Russian tank near Kharkiv. Photographer: Yasuyoshi Chiba/Getty Images And yet the longer that Russia’s forces can hold ground in the east, the [harder they will be to dislodge](. Ukraine’s allies are strong in their support but as the war drags on, unity may start to fray. Having cracked down on dissent at home, Putin is having some success in pivoting his rhetoric increasingly to cast Russia as under fundamental attack from the West — particularly the US and European nations. Big nations like China and India have [declined to sign up]( to the massive sanctions regime on Moscow. Russia’s economy has not collapsed. There are increasing signs that nations in the so-called “Global South” want the war simply to end either way. The challenge in any war that goes into its second year is sustaining momentum. Time may, unfortunately for Ukraine’s people, end up on Russia’s side. — [Rosalind Mathieson]( A woman hugs her cat inside a subway carriage in an underground metro station used as a bomb shelter in Kyiv on March 8, 2022. Photographer: Dimitar Dilkoff/Getty Images The [Big Take podcast this week]( had a special look at one year of war, including what might be next for the conflict on the ground. Key Conversations and Stories The Post-Cold War Era Is Gone. A New Arms Race Has Arrived Governments around the world are drawing lessons from Europe’s [first high-intensity war since 1945](, reassessing everything from ammunition stocks to weapons systems and supply lines, according to current and former defense officials as well as open source records in 10 countries and NATO. [Marc Champion](, [Natalia Ojewska](, [Sudhi Ranjan Sen]( and [Natalia Drozdiak]( report how some nations are reexamining the very defense doctrines that define what kinds of wars to prepare for. Russia and China Have a Stranglehold on Global Food Security Presidents are tweeting about them, the US State Department is recruiting experts in the field, and they’ve become the focus of tensions between nations as well as an unlikely currency of diplomacy. Putin’s invasion of Ukraine brought the realization that the world relies on [just a few nations for most of its fertilizers](, notably Russia, China and Belarus. That’s pushed crop nutrients to the top of the political agenda as the world wakes up to its strategic dependency on a key determinant of food security. Bloomberg reporters and editors held a series of special Twitter Space conversations this week on one year of war. They included a discussion around [military strategies on the ground](, the impact of the conflict on [energy supplies and the environment](, and the economic fallout including [sanctions targeting Russia’s oligarchs](. Ukrainians Are Crowdfunding Their Defense From Drones to Mortars A [vast donor network]( has blossomed over the past year in Ukraine to supply soldiers with everything from boots to battle tanks. In some respects, the support has been as important to Ukraine’s survival against Russia’s forces as aid from the US and Europe. As Marc Champion and [Daryna Krasnolutska]( explain, the domestic support fills supply gaps on a fast-moving battlefield that the army can’t, either for lack of money or an excess of bureaucratic procedures. An NGO that paints camouflage on vehicles and weapons for the military, on the outskirts of Kyiv. Photographer: Julia Kochetova/Bloomberg Russians’ Support for Putin’s War Hardens as His Crackdown Grows Putin has unleashed a wave of repression at home, jailing citizens for the slightest hints of questioning of his official line, a mix of Russian imperial and Soviet nostalgia that has been rushed into curricula for schools and universities across the country. Even as the invasion drags on, the majority of Russians now say they are [ready to keep fighting](, according to independent polls. Watch our [Quicktake video:]( Survivors of War: Ukrainians Tell How Life Has Changed Useful explainers - [Russia’s War in Ukraine: Key Events and How It’s Unfolding]( - [Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine — A Political Year in Photos]( - [Why US-Russia ‘New START’ Nuclear Treaty Is in Peril]( - [Sanctioned Russian Oil Is Being Switched at Sea Just Off Greece]( - [Pentagon Dysfunction Reveals Cracks in US War Machine]( A Surprise Visit, and Some Big Speeches President Joe Biden made arguably the highest-profile visit to Kyiv by a leader since the war broke out, a trip that was cloaked in secrecy until he arrived. There he met with Zelenskiy, and the two [strolled the streets of the capital](, visiting a cathedral and laying a wreath. “One year later, Kyiv stands. And Ukraine stands. Democracy stands,” the American leader said. - [Read the inside story of the secret plan to get Biden into Ukraine](. - [Biden Visits Ukraine in Presidents’ Day Surprise: In Pictures]( Putin Remains Defiant in Speech Putin on Tuesday gave his first state-of-the-nation address in nearly two years, issuing a defiant message where he [vowed to continue]( the faltering invasion until Russia has achieved its goals. The speech lasting nearly two hours mostly featured Putin’s usual efforts to [shift the blame]( for the conflict to the US and its allies. Source: Ukrainian Presidency/AFP/Getty Images Best of Bloomberg Opinion - [Ukraine Must Beat Russian Narrative in Global South: Bobby Ghosh]( - [Putin Has Decided to Normalize His War: Leonid Bershidsky]( - [China May Not Be Fighting in Ukraine But It’s Losing: Minxin Pei]( Broader Geopolitical Spillover On Show This week saw some of the shifting power dynamics on display with China’s top envoy Wang Yi visiting Russia, where he met with Putin. Wang described ties as being “[solid as rock](,” even as Beijing moves to portray itself as a [neutral actor]( that can broker peace in Ukraine. Putin asked Wang to pass on greetings to “my friend” Xi Jinping. - It came as the US steps up warnings about China, saying it is concerned Beijing may decide to start sending Russia [lethal weapons](for use in Ukraine. The war is quickly becoming a pivotal issue for both the US and China to shape global narratives, particularly as war fatigue starts to grip parts of the world, and as US-China tensions rise. Putin greets Wang on Wednesday. Photographer: Anton Novoderezhkin/Getty Images India Doesn’t Want to Call Russia’s War a ‘War’ at G-20 Indian officials hosting Group of 20 finance chiefs this week are seeking to avoid using the word “war” in any joint statement when referring to Russia’s war, a source says. That would [mark a divergence]( from the consensus reached by leaders in Bali in November. India’s geopolitical importance to the US has increased as America seeks to counter Beijing’s assertiveness. But New Delhi has also maintained close ties with Russia in a bid to secure cheaper energy and weapons. Questions on Weapons, and Russia’s Halt to Nuclear Pact Putin said in his speech this week that Russia will suspend its observation of the New START treaty with the US, a blow to the last accord [limiting their nuclear arsenals](. Biden called the move a “big mistake,” although he said he [does not believe]( it signals the Russian leader will use nuclear weapons. - Russia’s stocks of Iranian-made drones appear to be running low, according to European officials, who say their use against Ukraine [has fallen significantly]( over the past 10 days. - European Union members may agree to [pool ammunition purchases]( as early as next month in a push to secure badly needed firepower for Ukraine. A soldier in front of Patriot surface-to-air missile systems during a military exercise in Poland on Feb. 7. Photographer: Janek Skarzynski/AFP/Getty Images Bloomberg TV will air special coverage today of the one year mark of the war in Ukraine. You can also follow our coverage [via the Bloomberg website](. And finally….Ukrainians have been no strangers to hardship over the past century, but their resilience in the face of Russian bombardment has been an enduring image of this past year of war. Putin has for months targeted Ukrainian infrastructure, sparking power and heating outages across cities and towns. And yet a core of people has been united behind Zelenskiy’s message to his nemesis in Moscow: Ukraine will live without food, heating and water if it means [not having to live with Russia](. Kyiv Day celebrations in May. Photographer: Natacha Pisarenko/AP Photo Follow Us Like getting this newsletter? [Subscribe to Bloomberg.com]( for unlimited access to trusted, data-driven journalism and subscriber-only insights. 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